AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
A Comparative Analysis of Head Teachers’ Management for Academic Problems in Secondary Education Landscape
The leadership and knowledge that head teachers offer their mentees make them great role models. Furthermore, it is recognized that upon taking up their positions as school principals in Pakistan, head teachers face a multitude of educational and instructional obstacles. These are the insufficient space in classroom, overcrowded classrooms, psychological problems related to the gap between ideals and reality, ineffective policies, lack of professional skills and training, lack of subject matter knowledge, and discipline issues are all highlighted in this study. This research delves into the management problems faced by secondary school principals. The study's sample population included heads of both public and private universities. Sialkot district was the centers of attention for this research. Using a self-structured questionnaire, 96 instructors, including both males and females, provided the data. The researchers applied a multi-stage sampling technique for the selection of the sample. The teachers were unhappy with their professional development. The study found that research can help identify the true challenges faced by head teachers and offer practical solutions that would support their professional growth and classroom impact.
Time and Space: A Multidisciplinary Critical Appraisal of Literature, Philosophy, Religion and Science
This paper explores the conceptual dimensions of time (Zaman) and space (Makan), examining how these fundamental constructs intersect across literature, philosophy, and modern science. Historically regarded as either absolute realities or mere cognitive fabrications, time and space serve as the indispensable scaffolding for human experience and cosmic existence. In literature, the study delineates the structural deployment of chronological ordering, contrasting linear narratives, exemplified by Saadat Hasan Manto’s Toba Tek Singh, with nonlinear frameworks that utilize flashbacks and temporal fragmentation, as seen in Intizar Hussain’s Aakhri Aadmi. Philosophically, the paper investigates the foundational dichotomy between the relational, non-realist perspective of Islamic scholar Imam Al-Ghazali and German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who viewed time as an ideal continuum of successions, and the realist orientation of Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Henri Bergson, who posited time as Dauran-e-Khalis (pure duration) an inherently creative, non-cyclic flow synonymous with life itself. Transitioning into empirical domains, the research evaluates how astrophysics and quantum principles validate motion as the ultimate catalyst generating space-time. By invoking Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, cosmic phenomena, such as the drastically varied day lengths across planets like Venus and Jupiter—and the immutable cosmic speed limit of light, the study illustrates the intrinsic relativity of temporal dimensions. Furthermore, it addresses advanced psychological variables, specifically how enhanced neural processing speed and accelerated cognition induce subjective time dilation during acute physiological states. Conclusively, the paper synthesizes these diverse paradigms to argue that time and space are not futile intellectual exercises but interconnected manifestations of cosmic motion, demonstrating that temporal experiences remain fundamentally tethered to physical spatial constraints and cognitive relativity.
An Introduction to Prominent Orientalists Who Criticized the Qurʾān and a Research Based Analysis of Their Objections to the Qurʾānic Text
The Holy Qurʾān has remained the central source of Islamic faith, law, and civilization for over fourteen centuries. Alongside its profound influence, it has also been the subject of extensive scrutiny by Orientalist scholars, many of whom questioned its authenticity, textual preservation, historical reliability, and divine origin. This study introduces the most prominent Orientalists who raised objections to the Qurʾān and critically examines their arguments concerning the Qurʾānic text (nuṣūṣ al-Qurʾān). Employing a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, the research explores the intellectual background and scholarly approaches of selected Orientalists before evaluating their claims in light of classical and contemporary Islamic scholarship. The study analyzes major objections related to the compilation and preservation of the Qurʾān, the authenticity of its text, the nature of revelation, linguistic characteristics, and allegations of external influences on its contents. These arguments are assessed through primary Islamic sources, including the Qurʾān, authentic ḥadīth literature, and the works of leading Muslim scholars of tafsīr, ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, and Islamic history. The research demonstrates that many Orientalist criticisms stem from selective use of historical evidence, methodological inconsistencies, and inadequate engagement with the Islamic intellectual tradition. By presenting a balanced and evidence-based evaluation of Orientalist perspectives, this study seeks to clarify common misconceptions, strengthen scholarly understanding of Qurʾānic studies, and contribute to contemporary research on the interaction between Orientalism and the Islamic intellectual heritage.
Roland Barthes's Five Codes in Ghassan Kanafani’s The Land of Sad Oranges: An Analytical Study
This study examines Roland Barthes’s Five Codes Theory in The Land of Sad Oranges (1962), a short story collection by Ghassan Kanafani. The research aims to identify and analyze the hermeneutic, proairetic, semic, symbolic, and cultural codes within selected stories from the collection. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach and textual analysis, the study investigates how these narrative codes contribute to the construction of meaning and the representation of the Palestinian experience. The findings reveal that all five codes are prominently present in the selected stories and function as significant narrative devices. The stories also reflect major binary oppositions, including injustice and security, displacement and settlement, love and hatred, illusion and reality, poverty and wealth, and innocence and evil. Through the application of Barthes’s theory, the study provides deeper insight into the thematic and structural dimensions of Kanafani’s narratives. The research contributes to the critical study of Kanafani’s works and expands the application of Barthes’s narrative theory in Arabic literary criticism.
Surveillance and Discipline in the Workplace: A Foucauldian Analysis of Working Women
This study examines the dynamics of workplace power through the theoretical framework of Michael Foucault, focusing on the experiences of working women. Drawing on Foucauldian theory of power relations, the research explores how power operates through hierarchical authority but also through subtle mechanisms such as surveillance, discipline, and workplace. The study employs a quantitative case study approach to investigate the everyday experiences of working women in organizational settings. Data were collected through random sampling technique using questionnaire to identify patterns of control, resistance, and negotiation within professional environment. The data collected from a total of 40 respondents were further analyzed through SPSS Statistics 20 software. The generated frequencies were examined through descriptive analysis to relate the respondents’ choices to the Foucault’s theory. The findings reveal that power in the workplace is dispersed and embedded in organizational practices, policies, and interpersonal interactions. By applying Foucault’s concept of power, the study highlights how workplace environments simultaneously restrain and enable women’s participation and advancement. The research contributes to discussions in gender and organizational studies and to understand the behavioral roles played by the women in professional setting.
Prophetic Principles for Child Psychology : A Scholarly Review in the Contemporary Context
A child’s psychological well-being constitutes the foundation of a healthy and prosperous society. In an age characterized by digital anxiety, social fragmentation, and increasing psychological challenges, the Prophetic model of child upbringing offers a comprehensive and timeless framework for nurturing balanced personalities. This study, titled “Prophetic Principles for Child Psychology: A Scholarly Review in the Contemporary Context,” examines ten fundamental principles derived from the Sīrah of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and evaluates their relevance to contemporary psychological and educational concerns. It further highlights the role of positive reinforcement, encouragement, and the cultivation of curiosity in promoting intellectual and emotional development. Through an analytical examination of Prophetic practices, the study demonstrates the significance of justice and equality among children, compassionate communication, and gentle correction of mistakes in fostering psychological stability and resilience. Additionally, the paper discusses the importance of positive social interaction, delegation of responsibility, and the development of decision-making abilities in cultivating autonomy, confidence, and leadership qualities in children. These principles are analyzed in light of contemporary psychological theories and child-development research, revealing their enduring relevance and practical applicability. The study concludes that the integration of these Prophetic principles into modern parenting and educational practices can effectively address many contemporary psychological challenges. By combining spiritual guidance with sound developmental practices, the Prophetic model provides a holistic framework for raising children who are emotionally secure, intellectually capable, morally grounded, and socially responsible.
The Methodology and Literary Style of Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ’s al-Shifāʾ bi-Taʿrīf Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafā ﷺ: An Analytical Study
The book Al-Shifāʾ bi-Taʿrīf Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafā by Qadi Iyad occupies a distinguished position in Islamic scholarship due to its comprehensive treatment of the rights, virtues, status, and noble characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This research examines the methodology and literary style employed by Qadi Iyad in the composition of this seminal work. It explores the author's systematic approach to presenting prophetic traditions, Qur’ānic evidences, scholarly opinions, and historical narratives in support of his arguments. The study further analyzes the organizational structure of the book, its thematic arrangement, and the balance between devotional expression and academic rigor. The research highlights how Qadi Iyad combines textual authenticity with eloquent expression, making the work both a scholarly reference and a source of spiritual inspiration. Particular attention is given to his methods of citation, argumentation, and defense of the Prophet’s dignity against misconceptions and challenges. The study also investigates the influence of the book on later Islamic scholarship and its enduring relevance in contemporary discussions concerning the Prophet’s status and rights. Using an analytical and descriptive research method, this paper concludes that Al-Shifāʾ represents a unique synthesis of hadith studies, theology, jurisprudence, history, and literary excellence. Its methodological coherence and refined style have contributed significantly to its acceptance across the Muslim world, establishing it as one of the most influential works in the field of Prophetic studies.
Comparative Study of the Opinions of Qurʾānic Exegetes Regarding Selected Apparently Contradictory Verses of the Qurʾān
Islam offers a comprehensive and universal code of life, and the Holy Qurʾān the final revealed scripture serves as an enduring source of guidance for humanity until the Day of Judgment. While certain Qurʾānic verses may appear to present contradictions at first glance, this study contends that the Qurʾān is entirely free from genuine inconsistency. Employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the research examines selected instances of apparent contradiction through the lens of classical Islamic exegesis (tafsīr). Drawing upon the works of distinguished mufassirūn, including Qāḍī Thanāʾ Allāh Pānīpatī, ʿAllāmah al-Ālūsī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī Thānawī, Imām al-Ṭabarī, Imām al-Rāzī, Imām al-Suyūṭī, ʿAllāmah al-Zamakhsharī, Imām Ibn Kathīr, and Imām al-Qurṭubī, the study situates the discussion within established exegetical and juristic frameworks. Following a concise introduction to these scholars and their contributions to Qurʾānic interpretation, the paper analyzes three examples of ostensibly conflicting verses. By integrating the explanations of the commentators with relevant narrations of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and principles of Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh), the study demonstrates coherent reconciliations that preserve the integrity and unity of Qurʾānic revelation. The findings indicate that perceived contradictions often arise from superficial readings, linguistic ambiguity, or insufficient contextual understanding. In contrast, rigorous scholarly inquiry consistently affirms the thematic coherence, linguistic precision, and theological harmony of the Qurʾān. This research seeks to clarify common misconceptions, reinforce the Qurʾān’s status as a unified and internally consistent source of divine guidance, and contribute to contemporary scholarship on Qurʾānic hermeneutics and interpretation.
Mutual Responsibilities of the Ruler and the People in the Light of the Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ
This article explores the mutual duties of the rulers and the people in the light of the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The Seerah offers an ideal model of Islamic governance in which authority is closely linked with responsibility, trust, and accountability. As a ruler, the Prophet (ﷺ) established justice, equality, consultation, and public welfare as the fundamental principles of governance, while guiding the subjects toward obedience, sincerity, discipline, and a sense of collective responsibility. The study highlights that in an Islamic system, the primary duty of the ruler is to implement divine commands, ensure justice, protect the rights of the weak, address public needs, and avoid oppression and tyranny. Likewise, the subjects are obliged to obey the ruler in lawful matters, refrain from rebellion and disorder, and contribute positively to social harmony and stability. The Seerah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) clearly reflects a relationship between ruler and subjects based on mutual trust, goodwill, and moral values, which are essential for the strength and continuity of any state. The article concludes that when both rulers and subjects fulfill their respective duties according to the Prophetic model, society can achieve justice, peace, and prosperity, and many contemporary political and social challenges may be effectively addressed through these timeless principles.
The Human Relationship with the Universe and Nature: Foundations of Balance, Mercy, and Responsibility in the Light of the Prophetic Sīrah
The Prophetic Biography (Sīrah) offers a comprehensive worldview that frames the relationship between human beings and the universe on the principles of justice, mercy, and balance. It presents the human being as God’s vicegerent (khalīfah) on earth, entrusted with moral responsibility toward nature, the environment, and all living beings extending beyond material development to the preservation of cosmic order. This paper aims to examine the ethical and intellectual foundations established by the Prophet ﷺ for regulating the human–nature relationship, analyzing them in the light of the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah) and contemporary environmental discourse. Employing a descriptive and analytical approach, the study draws on the Qur’an, the Prophetic Sunnah, and classical Islamic sources, with selective reference to modern environmental theories to highlight the holistic nature of the Prophetic vision. The study argues that the principle of “mercy to all creation” constitutes the core of the Prophetic environmental ethic. The Prophet’s ﷺ guidance regarding water, animals, plants, air, and soil forms an integrated moral framework that may be described as Eco-Ethics of Fitrah. The paper further contends that contemporary environmental challenges cannot be effectively addressed without engaging this Prophetic paradigm, which harmonizes spiritual values with practical responsibility. The Prophetic Biography thus provides a sustainable and human-centered model for the relationship between humanity and nature, integrating religion, ethics, and environmental responsibility in the pursuit of balanced and sustainable life.
The Legislative Significance of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth in the Derivation of Legal Rulings: A Critical and Analytical Study of Imam al-Suyūṭī’s Methodology
The science of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth occupies a significant position in the understanding and interpretation of Prophetic traditions, as it provides the historical, situational, and contextual background in which a Hadith was articulated. Just as Asbāb al-Nuzūl is essential for the proper exegesis of the Qur’an, knowledge of the causes and circumstances of Hadith narration is indispensable for sound legal deduction (Istinbāṭ -e-Aḥkām) and balanced juristic interpretation. This research examines the legislative significance of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth in the derivation of Islamic legal rulings through a critical and analytical study of the methodology of Imam Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (849–911 AH). The study particularly focuses on Imam al-Suyūṭī’s renowned work Al-Luma‘ fī Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth, which is considered the first independent and systematically arranged compilation in this discipline. This research also presents a critical evaluation of al-Suyūṭī’s organizational structure by identifying certain technical limitations, including the placement of some narrations under unrelated jurisprudential chapters and the omission of important legal topics such as Zakāt, Ḥudūd, and Jihād. Despite these limitations, the study concludes that Al-Luma‘ remains a foundational contribution to the science of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth and an essential guide for jurists and researchers in understanding the objectives and legal implications of Prophetic traditions. By linking the methodology of Asbāb al-Wurūd with Maqāṣid al-Sunnah, the study demonstrates that contextual interpretation enables a more balanced, moderate, and comprehensive application of Prophetic teachings in accordance with changing times and circumstances. The research ultimately argues that reviving this discipline is crucial for contemporary Islamic scholarship, legal reasoning, and the promotion of intellectual moderation within Muslim societies.
The Feminine Critical Tradition in Urdu and Saadat Hasan Manto: An Analytical Study
Saadat Hasan Manto remains a cornerstone of Urdu literature, yet his work has historically been a battlefield of moral and aesthetic controversies. This research article, titled "The Feminine Critical Tradition and Saadat Hasan Manto an Analytical Study," explores the profound role of female critics and writers in deciphering, defending, and re-evaluating Manto’s literary legacy. While Manto was often marginalized by contemporary male critics under the guise of obscenity and negativity, the feminine critical tradition provided a more nuanced and objective lens to understand his art. The study examines the contributions of various female intellectuals ranging from the intimate reflections of Ismat Chughtai and the scholarly comparative analysis of Mumtaz Shirin to the modern socio-historical and stylistic perspectives of Ayesha Jalal, Tahira Iqbal, and others. The research highlights how these writers transcended superficial moral judgments to uncover the psychological depth, gender consciousness, and humanistic fervor in Manto’s narratives. It particularly focuses on Manto’s portrayal of women moving beyond the patriarchal stereotypes of the era and his role as an unwavering historical witness to the trauma of the 1947 Partition. By analyzing Manto’s stylistic evolution and his thematic boldness through a feminine prism, this article concludes that the female perspective has been instrumental in reclaiming Manto’s status as a universal humanist. The findings suggest that Manto’s literary survival and his continued relevance in contemporary discourse are deeply indebted to the intellectual rigor and empathetic understanding provided by the feminine critical tradition in Urdu literature.
The Intersection of Psychosocial Development and Gender Identity through the Lens of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah
The contemporary world is experiencing rapid social, cultural, and intellectual transformations that have significantly influenced human perceptions, values, and lifestyles. Over the past several centuries, changing social norms have reshaped discussions surrounding identity, gender, and human relationships. While some societies, cultures, and belief systems have embraced these developments, others continue to evaluate them through their religious, moral, and cultural frameworks. In such matters, a balanced understanding requires careful consideration of empirical evidence, social realities, religious teachings, and the potential consequences for individuals and society. Among the issues receiving considerable global attention is LGBTQI identity and its implications for contemporary social life. The research aims to provide readers with a clear understanding of the concepts associated with LGBTQI discourse and the debates surrounding them. Particular attention is given to the religious and social dimensions of gender identity, especially in cases where self-perceived gender differs from biological sex, excluding medically recognized intersex conditions. The study analyzes the potential social and ethical implications of gender self-identification from an Islamic perspective and discusses concerns regarding its impact on family structures, social values, and future generations. Furthermore, the paper highlights the rights and status of intersex individuals within Islamic teachings and presents recommendations for ensuring their dignity and legitimate rights. It also proposes educational and social measures aimed at increasing public awareness, guiding younger generations, and strengthening Islamic moral values to promote social well-being and cohesion within Muslim societies.
Analyzing Historical Misrepresentations in Shaikh ‘Ali al-Ṭanṭāwī’s Aḥmad bin ‘Irfān al-Shahīd
This paper critically examines the historical narrative presented by the renowned Islamic scholar Shaikh Ali al-Tantawi in his book Aḥmad bin ‘Irfān al-Shahīd regarding the armed movement of Syed Ahmad Shahid Barelvi against the Sikh rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in northwestern India. The study aims to identify and evaluate historical inaccuracies in al-Tantawi’s account through a comparative analysis of primary and secondary historical sources related to this important episode of South Asian Islamic history. Ali al-Ṭanṭāwī portrays Syed Ahmad as a leader who largely avoided conflict with Muslim Pashtun tribes and achieved significant military victories against the Sikh forces. However, a careful examination of contemporary records and authoritative historical works reveals a different picture. The evidence indicates that Syed Ahmad’s movement remained engaged in prolonged conflicts with various Pashtun tribes for nearly five years, largely due to political, social, and religious disagreements. Furthermore, contrary to claims of major victories over the Sikh military, Syed Ahmad’s forces were generally unable to defeat the regular Sikh army in decisive engagements or establish lasting control over major cities and fortresses. The temporary occupation of Muzaffarabad stands as a limited exception and did not result in sustained territorial authority. The paper also highlights al-Tantawi’s failure to adequately investigate the reasons behind the opposition of many Pashtuns Muslims to Syed Ahmad’s movement. By reassessing these issues, the study contributes to a more balanced and historically grounded understanding of Syed Ahmad Shahid’s struggle and its complex regional dynamics.
Rewriting East-West Encounters in Daughter of the East
This study examines the representation of East–West encounters in Benazir Bhutto’s memoir Daughter of the East and highlights her commitment to equality, democracy, and global justice. The research analyzes the geopolitical and cultural insights presented in the memoir within the framework of postcolonial theory, particularly drawing upon the ideas of David Huddart and Chandra Talpade Mohanty. Huddart’s discussions of autobiographical postcolonialism and Mohanty’s critique of Western feminist discourse provide the theoretical basis for evaluating Bhutto’s challenge to dominant Western narratives and her call for mutual respect, equality, and autonomy in international relations. The study explores how Daughter of the East reflects Bhutto’s perspective on global politics, gender relations, and democratic ideals within a postcolonial context. It particularly focuses on how Bhutto, as a South Asian Muslim woman leader, reconfigures prevailing discourses on power and identity. The research argues that the memoir contests Western hegemonic assumptions that often marginalize non-Western intellectual and political voices. Using a qualitative and analytical methodology, the study demonstrates that Bhutto’s narrative promotes intercultural understanding and advocates a more balanced global order grounded in justice and equality. The findings reveal her resistance to political and cultural domination and emphasize the significance of non-Western perspectives in reshaping contemporary political and feminist discourse. Ultimately, this study contributes to postcolonial feminist scholarship by foregrounding the role of marginalized voices in redefining global narratives.
The Election of the Caliphate and the Theological Style of Sīrah Writing: A Critical Review of Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadha al-‘Amili’s “Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam”
This article presents a critical study of the theological and historiographical methodology employed by Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadha al-‘Amili in his renowned work Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam ﷺ, with particular focus on the issue of the election of the Caliphate (Intikhab-e-Khilafat) and its treatment within prophetic biography (Sīrah writing). The study explores how the author integrates theological discourse (Kalām) into historical narration and examines the extent to which doctrinal commitments influence his analysis of early Islamic political events. The article critically evaluates al-‘Amili’s interpretive approach toward the events surrounding the succession to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, especially his discussion of the incidents of Saqifah, Ghadir Khumm, and the role of the Companions. It further investigates his reliance on historical reports, principles of source criticism, and argumentative style in comparison with classical Sunni and Shi‘a historiographical tradition. By analyzing selected passages from Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam ﷺ, the study highlights the author’s tendency to employ a polemical and theological framework while reconstructing historical narratives. The research also discusses the broader impact of sectarian perspectives on Sīrah literature and assesses whether theological presuppositions strengthen or compromise historical objectivity. Using analytical and comparative methods, the article aims to contribute to contemporary academic discussions on Islamic historiography, Sīrah studies, and the relationship between theology and history in Muslim intellectual tradition.
Identity Reconstruction Struggles and Gender Dynamics of Couples Living with Involuntary Childlessness
This qualitative study used interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore involuntarily childless couples lived experiences of identity negotiation, meaning-making processes, and gendered expectations in the pro-natalist sociocultural context of Pakistan. In-depth interviews were completed, utilizing nine married couples, sampled purposefully from a variety of socio-economic backgrounds within urban & semi-urban areas of Lahore. Four emerged themes revealed the involuntary childlessness as construction of identities through meaning-making", demonstrates the ways the study's participants utilized their faith related belief systems, which helped reorganize the meanings associated with being childless into divine tests, opportunities for spiritual development, and manifestations of a loving God preparing them to cope with stressors associated with the world. Moreover, study participants had contradictory self-perceptions (as incomplete yet satisfied) as these perceptions were the result of strong negotiation processes between their internalized pro-natalist and subjective well-being values rather than adopting passive behaviors related to social customs. The secondary theme reinforced the use of compensatory relational strategies; for example, individuals who perform caretaking roles use this role for identity fulfillment. The third theme supported the notion that some couples have conflicting marital patterns, i.e., some couples express a strong dyadic integration, and others expressed their relationships in a deteriorative manner; especially reported by couples whose family systems do not provide sufficient support. The fourth theme highlighted significant gender differences; wives experience childlessness as an ontological degradation of their feminine identity, while men enjoy social privilege and assume gatekeeping function regarding matters associated with reproduction. The findings suggest that involuntary childlessness in Pakistan is a culturally embedded, relationally interceded, and significantly gendered phenomenon that challenges the Westernized, individualistic ideas of parenthood, where identity, and family status are achieved through relationships with spouse and interaction with family, society and religion.
Commonalities in the Teachings of Islam and Sikhism: A Research-Based Study in the Light of the Sīrah
Sikhism and Islam, though emerging from distinct historical and cultural contexts, share a number of fundamental spiritual and ethical principles. This study explores their commonalities, with particular emphasis on the concept of the oneness of God, human equality, service to humanity, modes of worship, and core moral values. Both traditions affirm belief in a single, all-encompassing Divine reality Allah in Islam and Vāhigurū or Ik Oaṅkār in Sikhism. Furthermore, both religions strongly uphold the principle of human equality. Islam emphasizes that superiority is based solely on piety (taqwā), while Sikhism advocates universal equality irrespective of caste, class, or social status. Service to humanity is another central tenet in both traditions; Islam regards helping others as an act of virtue and devotion, whereas Sikhism places significant emphasis on selfless service (sevā) as a core religious duty. In addition, both faiths attach great importance to worship practices, including regular prayers and spiritual discipline, which foster a direct connection with the Divine. Ethical values such as truthfulness, honesty, compassion, and justice are deeply embedded within both traditions. The Sīrah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ further provides numerous examples of compassion, empathy, and concern for human welfare, reinforcing these shared values. This study highlights how the common principles of Sikhism and Islam can serve as a foundation for mutual respect, interfaith harmony, and deeper understanding. All these aspects are analyzed in the light of the Sīrah, demonstrating their relevance in contemporary society.
The Contributions and Multidimensional Aspects of Muslim Philosophers in the Evolution of Philosophical Thought
Since the emergence of this vast and intricate universe particularly with the advent of life human beings have persistently sought to uncover the mysteries and purposes underlying existence. Throughout history, this quest has evolved through diverse ideas, philosophical frameworks, and intellectual methodologies. From the earliest stages of human consciousness to the present day, humanity has remained engaged in an enduring effort to comprehend the hidden realities and fundamental truths of the cosmos. It is evident that this intellectual pursuit will continue as long as questions about existence, purpose, and reality remain. Within this context, Islam offers a profound and comprehensive perspective that actively encourages human beings to reflect upon the nature of the universe. It calls upon individuals to utilize their God-given faculties—reason, observation, and contemplation to explore the signs embedded within creation. The Qurʾānic worldview promotes critical thinking, rational inquiry, and deep intellectual engagement with both the physical and metaphysical dimensions of existence. This research article seeks to examine how Islam guides humanity toward understanding the philosophy of the universe by emphasizing contemplation (tafakkur), reflection (tadabbur), and reasoned analysis. It further highlights the importance of exploring the principles, limits, and outcomes of philosophical inquiry within an Islamic framework, ultimately aiming to achieve a meaningful and coherent understanding of existence.
The Haryanvi language, commonly known as Haryānvī, is the principal vernacular of the Haryana region in northern India and derives its name from this geographical association. Historically, it has been referred to by various names such as Bangru, Jatu, Deswali, Powadhi, Khadri, Ahirwati, Ranghri, and Rohtaki, which are, in fact, its regional dialects rather than entirely distinct languages. Even today, Haryanvi is spoken in multiple standardized dialectal forms across the state, reflecting its rich linguistic diversity and cultural depth. Before the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the region of Haryana comprised four major districts Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, and Karnal and was administratively part of the Ambala Division. The region holds significant historical importance and is often referred to as the “Battlefield of India” due to its strategic location. Numerous historical invasions and battles occurred in this area, as it served as a primary route for invaders advancing toward Delhi. Historical records indicate that within a radius of approximately 150 kilometers around Delhi, numerous princely clans were settled, who resisted foreign invasions with remarkable courage and resilience. Despite its historical prominence, the region has long been considered socio-economically underdeveloped. Nevertheless, the Haryanvi language has remained a strong marker of regional identity, preserving the cultural and social ethos of its speakers. This study highlights the historical, linguistic, and cultural evolution of Haryanvi, emphasizing its dialectal richness and its role in shaping the identity of the Haryana region.
The Need for Interfaith Harmony in Islam: A Contemporary Perspective
The modern era is a time of intellectual, religious, economic, and cultural conflicts. Differences among followers of various religions have led to increasing intolerance, prejudice, and confrontation. In such a tense situation, interfaith harmony is not only a theoretical necessity but also essential for international peace and the survival of humanity. Interfaith harmony refers to a society where people of different beliefs and ideologies can live together with mutual respect, tolerance, patience, and peace. The life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the Mercy for all worlds, is the best example of interfaith harmony. He made agreements with Jews and Christians and granted them religious freedom. The Charter of Madinah is a clear example of this, where people of different religions were included in a single state system, ensuring mutual cooperation, collective defense, and religious freedom. In the present era, the importance of interfaith harmony has further increased because religious differences are often exploited for political and economic purposes, leading to hatred and violence. Islamophobia, the negative role of media, and misunderstandings have further worsened the situation. In such challenging times, interfaith dialogue serves as an effective tool to build trust and promote positive thinking among different religious communities. At the international level, the importance of interfaith harmony has also been recognized. The United Nations and other organizations are promoting dialogue and cooperation among religions to ensure global peace. Education, media, diplomacy, and economic activities also play a significant role in fostering religious harmony and tolerance. In conclusion, interfaith harmony is the most important need of our time, as it unites humanity, establishes peace, and ensures a better future.
An Analytical Study of the Arguments on Tawḥīd and Their Sources in the Thought of Allama Muhammad Ashraf Sialvi
This study presents a critical and analytical examination of the concept of Tawḥīd (Oneness of God) in the thought of Allama Muhammad Ashraf Sialvi (رحمہ اللہ), with particular focus on his arguments and their primary sources. The research explores how Allama Sialvi systematically elaborates the dimensions of Tawḥīd al-Dhāt (Oneness of Essence) and Tawḥīd al-Ṣifāt (Oneness of Attributes) through a comprehensive engagement with classical Islamic scholarship. His discourse emphasizes the absolute uniqueness of Allah in essence, attributes, authority, and worthiness of worship, while simultaneously addressing theological misunderstandings related to shirk (associating partners with God). The study highlights Sialvi’s methodological approach, which is deeply rooted in the foundational sources of Islam, namely the Qur’an and Hadith, and further supported by classical tafsīr literature, works of ḥadīth commentary, and authoritative texts of Islamic theology (ʿIlm al-Kalām). By analyzing his use of Qur’anic verses such as Surah al-Ikhlāṣ and Surah al-Anbiyāʾ, along with Prophetic traditions, the research demonstrates how he constructs a coherent and rational defense of Islamic monotheism. Moreover, the study evaluates his nuanced distinction between ʿibādah (worship) and taʿẓīm (reverence), clarifying misconceptions surrounding practices like respect for the Prophet ﷺ and the pious. His arguments also engage with opposing theological positions, particularly those of sectarian and philosophical schools, offering a reasoned rebuttal grounded in orthodox Sunni thought. This research establishes that Allama Sialvi’s scholarship represents a significant contribution to contemporary Islamic theology, particularly in articulating a balanced and evidence-based understanding of Tawḥīd. His works remain relevant for addressing modern theological debates and misconceptions within Muslim societies.
The Concept of Optimism (Tafā’ul) and Symbolism (Ramz) in Islamic Thought: A Research Study of Shariah Perspectives, Prophetic Methodology, and Contemporary Relevance
This study examines the intricate relationship between optimism (tafāʾul) and symbolism (ramz) in Islamic thought, arguing that Islam transforms internal hope into an active and meaningful semiotic framework for psychological and spiritual renewal. Through a qualitative analysis of classical linguistic traditions and Sharīʿah texts, the research situates tafāʾul as a natural outcome of theistic optimism (ḥusn al-ẓann bi-Allāh), clearly distinguishing it from superstitious practices such as taṭayyur. The study further analyzes the semiotic relationship between the signifier (dāll) and the signified (madlūl) within Prophetic practices, highlighting examples such as the symbolic transformation of the cloak (taḥwīl al-ridāʾ) and the intentional practice of renaming as expressions of constructive meaning-making. In addition, a critical exegesis of Qurʾānic narratives—particularly the symbolic progression of the shirts of Prophet Yūsuf (ʿalayhi al-salām)—reveals a coherent “symbolism of hope” rooted in metaphysical reality rather than mere abstraction. The findings suggest that Islamic symbolic optimism provides a robust ontological and epistemological foundation that surpasses the limitations of purely materialistic notions of “positive thinking.” By integrating faith, meaning, and symbolism, it offers a comprehensive therapeutic framework capable of addressing contemporary psychological and spiritual crises, especially those rooted in despair, anxiety, and loss of meaning.
Tony Morrison’s Beloved Reimagines the Body as an Archive, Advancing a Black Feminist Epistemology that Destabilizes Western Regimes of Evidence and Historical Truth
This research develops an extended critical investigation of Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), advancing the argument that the novel reconfigures the human body as a living archive that stores, transmits, and contests historical knowledge. In doing so, Morrison constructs a Black feminist epistemology that destabilizes dominant Western regimes of evidence, objectivity, and historiographical authority. Rather than privileging written documentation, linear temporality, and institutional archives, Beloved foregrounds embodied memory, affect, oral storytelling, and spectral return as legitimate and necessary forms of knowledge production. The study situates Morrison’s work at the intersection of Black feminist theory, trauma studies, memory studies, and poststructuralist archival theory. It examines how the novel critiques the epistemic violence embedded within traditional archives systems that historically excluded enslaved Black subjects and proposes alternative epistemologies rooted in lived experience. Through close textual analysis, the research explores how bodily scars, fragmented narrative structures, and haunting disrupt conventional understandings of truth. By conceptualizing the body as archive, Morrison not only recovers suppressed histories of slavery but also redefines the criteria by which knowledge is validated. This project contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship by demonstrating how literature can function as both an archive and a methodological intervention in historical discourse.
Body as Archive, Embodied Memory, Trauma Studies, Memory Studies, Archival Theory, Poststructuralism, Slavery Narratives, Oral Tradition, Spectrality
A Research Review of Intellectual Development in the Era of Akbar
The era of Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar (1556–1605) represents a transformative period marked by significant intellectual development in the Indian subcontinent. This study examines the establishment of libraries, educational institutions, and curricular reforms that encouraged critical thinking, intellectual curiosity, and cultural exchange. The period witnessed remarkable advancements in Persian calligraphy, music, and painting, with scholars and artists receiving substantial imperial patronage. Prominent intellectuals such as Abū al-Faḍl and Fayḍī made enduring contributions, producing seminal works like Akbarnāmah and Āʾīn-i Akbarī, which offer valuable insights into the socio-political and cultural landscape of the time. Furthermore, the era was distinguished by an extensive translation movement, through which important texts from Sanskrit, Arabic, and Turkish were rendered into Persian, thereby enriching the region’s intellectual and cultural heritage. Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance created an inclusive environment that enabled scholars from diverse backgrounds to flourish. This atmosphere of openness significantly contributed to the growth of intellectual discourse and cross-cultural interaction. Institutions such as the imperial translation bureau played a vital role in facilitating knowledge transmission and scholarly engagement. The intellectual advancements of Akbar’s reign had a lasting impact on the cultural and intellectual history of South Asia. By fostering learning, dialogue, and synthesis of traditions, this period not only shaped the cultural identity of the region but also influenced subsequent generations of scholars and thinkers.
Elegiac Elements in the Ghazals of Muḥsin Naqvī
Although modern Urdu ghazal has significantly expanded its thematic and expressive scope, the poetry of Muḥsin Naqvī occupies a distinctive position due to its deep symbolic and cultural association with the theme of Karbala. This study examines the elegiac (rithāʾī) elements in Muḥsin Naqvī’s Karbala-oriented poetry and argues that his poetic discourse represents a synthesis of classical elegiac tradition and modern sensibility, achieved through linguistic simplicity, emotional intensity, and symbolic coherence. In Muḥsin Naqvī’s poetry, the elegiac dimension presents Karbala not merely as a distant historical event but as a profound moral and existential reality. Through recurring symbols such as thirst, desert, blood, and martyrdom, he constructs a shared cultural vocabulary. These symbols are not merely ornamental; rather, they function as semantic foundations that link individual grief with collective memory. In this way, his poetry invites readers to engage with the ethical and emotional legacy of Karbala within contemporary social and political contexts. Muḥsin Naqvī’s poetic tone avoids unnecessary abstraction and instead emphasizes emotional authenticity, rhythmic simplicity, and thematic unity, all of which significantly enhance the elegiac quality of his work. The fusion of personal sorrow with collective tragedy produces a layered yet accessible poetic experience. The elegiac elements in Muḥsin Naqvī’s ghazals are not merely stylistic devices but a deliberate aesthetic strategy that renders complex intellectual and moral concepts both comprehensible and impactful. By presenting Karbala as a dynamic and relatable symbol, Muḥsin Naqvī revitalizes the elegiac tradition and ensures its continued relevance within modern Urdu literary discourse.
The Recipients of Qurʾānic Arguments( A Study in the Context of the Existence of Allah)
The evidence is of existence of Allah in the Holy Qurʾān, by virtue of their comprehensiveness and diversity; address every level of human understanding and faculties. Yet it must also be borne in mind that human dispositions are not uniform, not every mind is equally impressed and convinced by the same mode of argument, nor can every group derive equal benefit from every sort of proof and evidence. One perceives the manifestation of the Creator in the order and harmony of the cosmos; other discerns the signs of Lordship within the miraculous organization of the human self; yet another finds testimony to Allah in moral consciousness and in the distinction between right and wrong. Thus, the Qurʾān opens different avenues for various minds and temperaments, so that everyone may attain the path of certainty according to his or her capacity. People of reflection and insight derive illumination from contemplating the cosmic signs and the vast order of the universe, while scholars attain the reality of Divine Unity through intellectual and rational inquiry. Likewise, those guided by sound reason find reassurance in logical demonstrations and the testimony of innate human nature. The marvel of the Qurʾān lies precisely in this: that it presents one and the same truth in diverse modes of expression, so that despite the variety of human temperaments, none are deprived. Each person, according to the degree of his insight, partakes of these proofs, and thus faith manifests itself in every heart in proportion to its capacity.
Negotiating Identity under Colonial Shadows: A Postcolonial Study of Angrej
This study examines the representation of cultural identity and colonial presence in Punjabi cinema through a postcolonial analysis of Angrej (2015). Set in pre-Partition rural Punjab, the film presents a nostalgic portrayal of indigenous life under British colonial rule while largely minimizing the explicit depiction of colonial authority. Drawing on postcolonial theoretical perspectives, particularly the concepts of hybridity and cultural dominance, this paper argues that Angrej constructs an idealized vision of Punjabi identity that negotiates colonial influence through subtle narrative strategies. The analysis demonstrates how the film foregrounds local traditions, language, and social structures to assert cultural continuity and authenticity. At the same time, the relative absence of direct colonial representation reflects a form of narrative displacement that reconfigures historical realities. The findings suggest that the film contributes to a broader cinematic tendency to romanticize pre-Partition Punjab, thereby shaping collective memory and cultural identity in postcolonial contexts. Overall, the study highlights the complex relationship between nostalgia, identity construction, and postcolonial discourse in regional cinema.
The Concept of Exception for State Authorities in Islam: A Research and Critical Analysis in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah
The survival of human society depends upon justice and equity. Islam established a legal system in which all individuals are equal before the law and no person is granted superiority because of authority or position. However, within Pakistan’s constitutional framework, the issue of immunity granted to high-ranking state officials raises important legal and ethical concerns. Article 248 of the Constitution previously provided immunity to the President, Governors, and the Prime Minister. Through the 27th Constitutional Amendment (2025), instead of abolishing these privileges, the immunity of the President has been extended to a lifelong status, continuing even after the completion of the term of office. Similarly, amendments to Article 243 have granted lifelong immunity to the Field Marshal, Marshal of the Air Force, and Admiral of the Fleet. These developments appear to contradict the principle of equality before the law and the concept of justice emphasized in Islamic teachings. This study examines the concept of immunity from the perspective of Islamic law by analyzing the Qur’an, Sunnah, the practices of the Rashidun Caliphate, and the opinions of classical and contemporary scholars. Using a qualitative, historical, and analytical methodology, the research evaluates the constitutional provisions of Pakistan and compares them with Islamic legal principles. The study concludes that absolute or lifelong immunity for rulers has no clear justification in Islamic law and undermines the principles of justice and accountability.
Dr. Masaru Emoto’s Water Theory and the Impact of Human Consciousness on Matter: A Research Study
This research paper explores the revolutionary yet controversial hypothesis proposed by Japanese researcher Dr. Masaru Emoto, which suggests that water possesses the ability to respond to human consciousness, intentions, words, and vibrational frequencies. Dr. Emoto’s central claim is that water molecules act as a "biological computer," capable of storing and reflecting environmental energy. By utilizing high-speed microscopic photography of frozen water crystals, he demonstrated positive stimuli such as the words "love" and "gratitude" or classical music result - aesthetically in symmetrical hexagonal structures. Conversely, negative stimuli like hateful words or heavy metal music produce chaotic and fragmented formations. This study adopts a dual-perspective approach to evaluate Emoto’s work. On one hand, supporters from the fields of metaphysics and alternative medicine utilize principles of quantum mechanics, such as the "Observer Effect" and the concept of "Hado" (vibrational energy), to validate the possibility of a mind-matter interaction. On the other hand, the mainstream scientific community critiqued his methodology, citing a lack of double-blind protocols and "selection bias," where specific images were allegedly chosen to support a predetermined narrative Special attention is given to Emoto’s experiments on Zamzam water, where he observed a unique double-hexagonal crystalline structure that remained stable even under significant dilution. This finding is analyzed within a spiritual framework, suggesting a scientific basis for the effects of Quranic recitation and prayer. Through an examination of 30 scholarly and metaphysical references, this paper concludes that while Emoto’s theory remains outside the boundaries of classical molecular biology, it has pioneered a significant dialogue on Water Memory." It suggests that water may serve as a bridge between the physical and the metaphysical, urging a deeper exploration of the subtle energies that govern our reality.