AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
Reality vs. Simulation: A Postmodernist Analysis of the Hyperreality in Agency by Gibson
This research examines how Agency by Gibson depicts Baudrillard’s (1981) concept of the precession of simulacra. The research particularly investigates the gradual disappearance of reality through four stages of simulation. It employs qualitative textual analysis as its primary method and employs Baudrillard’s (1981) framework as a theoretical framework. The findings reveal that Agency mirrors Baudrillard’s four stages. The first order retains referential realism. The second distorts reality through algorithmic mediation. The third order exposes the absence of an original referent through the concept of the stub, and the fourth order achieves full hyperreality embodied in the autonomous AI, Eunice. The findings demonstrated that in the digital age, representation not only replaces but also generates reality. The research contributes to postmodern literary scholarship by confirming that Gibson’s Agency does not merely depict hyperreality, but it also performs it. These findings reinforce Baudrillard’s (1981) view that simulation has become the dominant mode of postmodern literature. Future research could further explore how contemporary digital fiction continues to enact this transition from representation to pure simulation, offering new perspectives on the ontology of the postmodern novel.
G͟hulām Aḥmad Parvēz’s Thought: An Analytical Review of Traditional Religious Practices
This study presents an analytical review of traditional religious practices—such as wasīlah (intercession), taʿvīẓ va dam (amulets and incantations), and ʿurs (saintly commemorations)—in the perspective of Ghulam Ahmad Parwez’s thought. Parwez, a prominent twentieth-century Qur’an-oriented reformist scholar, critically challenged ritualistic and mystical elements that, in his view, emerged from post-Qur’anic traditions and cultural influences rather than from the original Islamic message. According to Parwez, practices involving the seeking of spiritual assistance through saints, objects, or rituals undermine the Qur’anic concept of tawḥīd and human accountability, shifting focus from personal effort and Divine guidance to intermediaries and supernatural expectations. This research explores Parwez’s epistemological framework, which prioritizes the Qur’an as the sole authoritative source for belief and practice, while questioning the role of classical jurisprudence, Sufi traditions, and popular religiosity in shaping Muslim society. The study further examines his criticism of shrine culture and the commercialization of religious rituals, arguing that such practices reinforce passivity, social stagnation, and dependency on religious authorities. Through textual analysis of Parwez’s writings and contemporary scholarly evaluations, the research highlights both the strengths and limitations of his reformist approach. The findings suggest that Parwez’s critique contributes significantly to modern Islamic reform discourse by advocating rationality, socio-economic development, and direct engagement with the Qur’anic worldview. However, his dismissal of centuries-old interpretive traditions has also been viewed as reductionist by many scholars. Overall, the study offers a balanced assessment of Parwez’s perspectives and their implications for understanding traditional religious practices in contemporary Muslim contexts.
Discourses on Rhythm in Urdu Prose Poetry
The Urdu prose poem represents a critical juncture in the evolution of Urdu literary aesthetics, situated between the classical traditions of metrical poetry and the innovations of Western literary forms. Classical Urdu poetry, deeply influenced by Arabic and Persian prosody, has always regarded āhang (rhythm) as central to poetic expression, closely tied to meter, rhyme, and musicality. The introduction of the prose poem challenged these conventions, raising questions about whether poetry can exist without traditional metrics and how rhythm could be realized in a form that is primarily prosaic.Critics such as Dr. Unwan Chishti, Dr. Ibn-e-Fareed, Karamat Ali Karamat, Wazir Agha, Gopi Chand Narang, and Anis Nagi have explored this problem by distinguishing between ʿarūḍī āhang (metrical rhythm) and dākhilī or organic rhythm. While metrical rhythm depends on syllabic patterns, the internal rhythm of the prose poem emerges from semantic flow, emotional intensity, and syntactic modulation. This shift underscores the Urdu prose poem’s experimental nature: it negotiates the inherited poetic norms while striving for an independent rhythm derived from linguistic and thematic dynamics rather than prosody.The debates highlight a persistent tension: traditionalists see rhythm as inseparable from poetry, whereas modernists argue that the prose poem generates its own musicality through expression and thought. Consequently, Urdu prose poetry remains a contested yet innovative form, where rhythm is redefined and poetry is expanded beyond classical structures. Its significance lies not only in challenging the conventional notion of āhang but also in establishing a distinctive aesthetic space that bridges the continuity of Urdu literary tradition with modern experimentation.
Guidance for Educational Institutions and Members of Society Regarding Technology: In the Light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah
The process of education and learning remains a continuous and dynamic phenomenon throughout human life, occurring both consciously and unconsciously, and enabling individuals to acquire new competencies over time. In the contemporary era, technology particularly the widespread use of mobile phones has significantly influenced all spheres of life, playing a central role in education, healthcare, agriculture, and socio-economic development. Acknowledging these realities, both traditional religious seminaries and modern educational institutions are increasingly integrating contemporary sciences and technological knowledge into their curricula, with the objective of preparing students to effectively balance religious values with the demands of the modern world. The Qur’an and Sunnah emphasize research, inquiry, and the pursuit of beneficial knowledge, thereby underscoring the necessity of adapting pedagogical methods in accordance with changing circumstances. Within this framework, the roles of parents, teachers, and society at large become critical in guiding the younger generation toward moral discernment and fostering a constructive engagement with technology. Through such collective and coordinated efforts, it becomes possible to cultivate a generation that not only safeguards Islamic values but also excels in scientific and technical competencies, thereby contributing to societal progress, stability, and sustainable development.
A Research Study on the Prophetic Characteristics (Khaṣā’iṣ al-Nabī) of Muhammad ﷺ in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
The characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as illuminated by the Qur’an, offer profound insights into his unparalleled role as the Seal of the Prophets and his distinct position in the divine order of messengership. While he shares several essential traits with earlier Prophets such as conveying divine revelation, embodying moral excellence, and guiding humanity toward righteousness the Qur’an distinctly emphasizes his universal mission and timeless relevance. Unlike previous messengers whose guidance was limited to specific nations or eras, the Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH) transcends boundaries of race, geography, and time, addressing the entirety of humankind. The Qur’an, his supreme and everlasting miracle, stands as the most powerful evidence of his truthfulness and divine appointment. This study explores both the shared and unique attributes of the Prophet’s personality and mission, underscoring the divine wisdom manifested through his life, character, and teachings. It further examines how these characteristics such as mercy, patience, justice, humility, and universality form the moral and spiritual foundation of Islamic civilization. By analyzing Qur’anic verses that delineate his special status and responsibilities, the research seeks to deepen the understanding of his Prophethood’s comprehensive nature. Ultimately, the study highlights how the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) exemplary character continues to serve as an enduring model for individuals and societies striving for moral perfection and divine proximity.
A Stylistic Analysis of Figurative Language in Contemporary English Song Lyrics: Metaphor and Symbolism in 'Demons' and 'Let It Go'
This paper presents a stylistic analysis of two popular English songs Demons” by Imagine Dragons and “Let It Go” by Idina Menzel focusing on their use of figurative language, particularly metaphor and symbolism. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, the study explores how figurative devices contribute to the emotional tone, thematic development, and listener engagement within the songs. The analysis reveals that “Demons” employs dark metaphors and reference imagery to dramatize themes of psychological struggle, inner conflict, and moral doubt. In contrast, “Let It Go” utilizes liberating metaphors and open symbolism to express emotional freedom, self-acceptance, and personal empowerment. By juxtaposing these two works, the study highlights how figurative language serves as a powerful tool in constructing contrasting emotional narratives and conveying complex psychological states. The comparative approach underscores the versatility of metaphor and symbolism in shaping the listener’s emotional experience and reinforcing thematic contrasts between repression and liberation. Moreover, the study emphasizes the pedagogical value of analyzing song lyrics as authentic literary texts. Incorporating such materials into English language and literature classrooms can enhance learners’ understanding of stylistic variation, pragmatic meaning, and cultural awareness. Ultimately, the research contributes to the broader field of stylistics by demonstrating how contemporary music reflects universal human emotions through artistic language, thereby bridging the gap between linguistic creativity and emotional expression in modern popular culture.
Cultural Identity and Pragmatic Competence: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Punjabi and Pashto Learners of English in Pakistan
This study examines the influence of cultural identity on pragmatic competence among Punjabi and Pashto speakers learning English in Pakistan. It explores how learners perform speech acts such as requests, refusals, and apologies, focusing on how sociocultural norms shape their communicative strategies. Grounded in the framework of Interlanguage Pragmatics and constructivist epistemology, the study employs both Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) and semi-structured interviews to collect data from students and instructors. Through thematic analysis, distinctive pragmatic tendencies were observed. Punjabi learners exhibited a preference for directness and pragmatic efficiency, which sometimes compromised relational politeness. In contrast, Pashto learners demonstrated a tendency toward indirectness, elaborate politeness expressions, and a higher concern for maintaining social harmony and respect. These differences reflect how deeply cultural identity and social hierarchy influence communicative behavior in English as a second language context. The findings reveal that pragmatic transfer—both positive and negative—occurs frequently and is strongly rooted in learners’ cultural frameworks. The study highlights that effective English language teaching should integrate elements of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy to address such variations. It further emphasizes the need for cross-cultural awareness, pragmatic flexibility, and role-based communicative training in ELT classrooms. By bridging culture and language learning, this research contributes to a more inclusive understanding of how local identities shape global communication practices.
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Selective Visibility of Western Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis of AI’s Responses on the Palestine and Ukraine Conflicts
This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) discerns and reproduces the patterns of selective visibility in Western media coverage of two major global conflicts: Palestine–Israel and Russia–Ukraine. The primary aim is to examine how a large language model (LLM) interprets and evaluates Western media discourse through its generated responses. Employing a qualitative textual analysis, AI-generated outputs were treated as the primary data. A purposive set of prompts was submitted to the model, and the responses were analyzed using the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The analysis was guided by four central CDA concepts: power and ideology, lexical choice and agency, silences and foregrounding, and recontextualization. The findings demonstrate that AI is capable of identifying asymmetries in Western media representation. It exposes double standards in the framing of casualties, recognizes silences surrounding occupation and blockade, yet often mirrors agent-erasing language when describing Palestinian deaths, while employing more emotive and agentive expressions for Ukrainian and Israeli victims. Furthermore, its recontextualization of narratives frames the Palestinian struggle predominantly through security discourse, whereas Ukrainian resistance is depicted as a matter of sovereignty and heroism. The study concludes that while AI can critically engage with ideological patterns in media discourse, it simultaneously reflects the biases embedded within dominant Western epistemologies. Future research could extend this inquiry to multilingual datasets, different model versions, and diverse geopolitical contexts to assess the persistence and transformation of these discursive asymmetries.
The Four Stages of Anima in the Short Stories of Khālid Saeed
Woman represents the very essence and creative spirit of the universe an indispensable force without which existence remains incomplete. Endowed by nature with biological, emotional, and psychological attributes that mirror those of her masculine counterpart, she embodies a unique harmony of balance and contrast. Within this framework, Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious introduces the concept of the Anima the feminine image within the male psyche manifesting in four progressive stages of development. This study critically explores Khalid Saeed’s short stories through the lens of Jungian psychology, particularly the four stages of the Anima. It argues that Khalid Saeed not only internalizes his Anima but also artistically externalizes it through his female characters, each representing different aspects of feminine evolution. His fiction portrays diverse dimensions of womanhood ranging from physical beauty and romantic idealization to sensual expression, spiritual insight, and intellectual wisdom. Through textual analysis, this research highlights how Saeed’s narratives transcend traditional gender portrayals, presenting womanhood as both a mirror of male consciousness and a symbol of universal equilibrium. His stories thus serve as a metaphorical dialogue between the masculine and feminine principles, reflecting an inherent desire for psychological and creative wholeness. Ultimately, this study situates Khalid Saeed’s work within the broader discourse of gender representation in Urdu literature, illustrating how his depiction of Anima contributes to a nuanced understanding of identity, balance, and human completeness.
An Exploration of Vēda Samāj and Its Philosophical Teachings
The Vēda Samāj was an important religious reform movement of the 19th century. It was founded by Keśab Caṇdra Sen and Śrīdhāralu Naidu with the mission of reviving the true spirit of the Vedic tradition. The leaders of the movement believed that the original message of the Vēdas had been misunderstood and distorted over time. They argued that rituals, idol worship, the caste system, and social inequalities were later human additions, not part of the authentic Vedic teachings. Swāmī Dayānand Sarasvatī shared similar concerns. His primary objective was to return to the essence of the Vēdas, which he viewed as the ultimate source of truth, wisdom, and moral guidance. He addressed not only the spiritual needs of society but also emphasized social reform. He advocated for the removal of caste-based discrimination, the promotion of gender equality, and the expansion of education. The Vēda Samāj laid the intellectual and ideological foundation for the Ārya Samāj, which became a broader and more influential reform movement. Its legacy continues to shape modern Indian religious and social reform efforts. This assignment examines the Vēda Samāj and its philosophical teachings, highlighting its key principles and reformist agenda. It focuses on how the movement challenged long-standing traditions and contributed to a wider social awakening in India.
Welfare Strategies for New Muslims in the Prophetic Society and Their Contemporary Applications
Islam is a religion of peace, harmony, and brotherhood, with a strong emphasis on the welfare and betterment of humanity. During the Prophetic era, alongside the established Muslim community, special care was given to the rights, needs, and well-being of newly converted Muslims. They were supported not only through moral and spiritual guidance but also through financial assistance and social integration. Foundational agreements and initiatives such as the Charter of Madinah (Mīthāq al-Madīnah), the Brotherhood (Mu’ākhāt), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and Hilf al-Fuḍūl, as well as the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) sermons and actions, serve as key models for inclusive welfare and community building. This study critically examines the systematic measures employed by the Prophet (PBUH) to ensure the social, financial, and spiritual upliftment of new Muslims in Madinah. Strategies such as educational instruction, emotional and psychological support, economic assistance through the Bayt al-Māl, institutionalized brotherhood, and gradual cultural assimilation are analyzed. Drawing from primary sources including Hadith, Seerah literature, and early Islamic historiography the paper highlights how these welfare mechanisms created an environment of dignity, justice, and prosperity for new Muslims. In its second section, the research explores the relevance of these Prophetic welfare approaches in addressing contemporary challenges faced by new converts to Islam worldwide, such as identity crises, social isolation, and lack of institutional support. The findings suggest that adopting the welfare principles of the Prophetic society not only strengthens individual identity but also contributes to broader goals of social cohesion, human rights, and sustainable development.
An Analytical Study of the Interpretation of al-Kashshāf in Light of the Causes of Differences in Tafsīr
This study undertakes an analytical examination of the phenomenon of differences in Qur’ānic interpretation, with special reference to al-Kashshāf, the celebrated exegesis by al-Zamakhsharī. The article begins by defining disagreement in tafsīr and explaining its scholarly importance within the broader discipline of Qur’ānic studies. It highlights how even the noble Ṣaḥābah (Companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ) occasionally differed in their interpretation of certain verses, illustrating that interpretive variation has been present since the earliest generations. The study then explores the causes of these disagreements, including linguistic diversity, contextual circumstances, juristic reasoning, and methodological approaches to tafsīr. Concrete examples of ikhtilāf al-tafsīr are presented to demonstrate both the challenges and the benefits of scholarly disagreement, such as the enrichment of Qur’ānic understanding and the promotion of intellectual diversity within Islamic thought. The paper then introduces al-Zamakhsharī, the author of Tafsīr al-Kashshāf, outlining his methodology, theological inclinations, and linguistic precision. Selected examples from al-Kashshāf are analyzed to illustrate how interpretive disagreements manifest within his tafsīr, especially regarding issues of grammar, rhetoric, and theological perspectives. In conclusion, the study synthesizes the discussion by emphasizing that disagreement in tafsīr, when conducted within the boundaries of scholarly ethics, can serve as a source of intellectual richness rather than division. Finally, recommendations are offered for contemporary scholars on how to approach and benefit from differences in interpretation, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
Impact of Colorism on Women's Self-Image and Opportunities
Colorism discrimination or prejudice based on skin tone continues to significantly influence women’s psychological well-being, social experiences, and economic opportunities. This study explores how colorism affects women’s self-perception, mental health, and access to professional advancement, focusing on women aged 18 to 50 from varied ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds across both urban and rural settings. Grounded in intersectionality theory, the research analyzes how skin tone intersects with gender, class, and race to create complex and compounded forms of marginalization. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys and in-depth interviews, the findings reveal that women with darker skin tones are more likely to experience diminished self-esteem, heightened psychological stress, and barriers to career growth due to entrenched societal preferences for lighter skin. These biases are perpetuated by media representation, institutional policies, and familial expectations, which together foster internalized colorism and hinder social mobility. The study underscores the pressing need for inclusive public policies, responsible media representation, and culturally responsive mental health support. Colorism is a system of inequality based on skin tone continues to shape the lives of women across the globe. Unlike racism, colorism operates both within and across racial and ethnic communities, favoring lighter skin and marginalizing those with darker complexions. This research investigates how colorism influences women’s self-perception, mental health, and professional opportunities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study draws from current literature and primary survey data from 300 women across urban and rural regions. Results reveal that darker-skinned women consistently report lower self-esteem, higher incidences of workplace discrimination, and limited career mobility. The findings call for targeted interventions in media, education, and corporate policy to dismantle colorist ideologies and promote inclusive representation.
An Analysis of the Critiques of Sufi Doctrines of Sainthood (Walāyah), Miracles (Karāmāt), and the Concept of the Spiritual Master (Shaykh)
The doctrines of walāyah (sainthood), karāmāt (miracles of the saints), and the concept of the shaykh (spiritual master) occupy a central position in Sufi thought and practice. These concepts articulate the spiritual authority of saints, their reception of extraordinary divine gifts, and the pivotal role of the shaykh in mentoring and guiding disciples along the mystical path (ṭarīqah). Historically, such notions have played a vital role in enriching Islamic spirituality, providing adherents with models of piety, discipline, and devotion that transcend the limits of purely legalistic religiosity. They also offered a framework for spiritual pedagogy, communal cohesion, and experiential proximity to the Divine. However, these doctrines have not remained uncontested. Opponents of Sufism particularly within more legalistic and orthodox circles have raised critical concerns regarding the elevation of saints to quasi-sacred status, arguing that excessive veneration risks obscuring tawḥīd (Divine Unity) and creating practices without firm grounding in the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The theological critique often centers on the boundaries between legitimate reverence and potential exaggeration (ghulūw), especially when miracles or intercessionary roles are attributed to the saints. This study undertakes a critical examination of these debates by situating the doctrines of walāyah, karāmāt, and the shaykh within their historical and intellectual contexts. Drawing upon classical Sufi writings as well as critiques from orthodox scholars, it explores the intellectual tensions between mystical spirituality and theological orthodoxy. The findings underscore the dual role of these doctrines as both enriching Islamic spirituality and provoking enduring debates about the limits of human sanctity and religious innovation.
A Labovian Analysis of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014)
This research extends Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model beyond its traditional application to oral and literary narratives by examining its relevance to biographical texts. The research analyzes Ben Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014), a biography focused on Cold War double agent Kim Philby. Labov’s (1972) model identifies six key schemas in a fully developed narrative: abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution, and coda. However, these schemas have not previously been applied to biographies. This research investigates the application of Labov’s (1972) framework to biographical genre and offers new insights into biographical narrative structure. Using a qualitative approach, Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model is employed as the primary analytical framework. The findings of the research revealed that the narrative structure of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014) conforms to the six schemas identified by Labov (1972). This indicates that the model is not only relevant but also valuable for the analysis of biographical text. The research suggests that the model’s application can be extended to other non-fiction genres, such as memoirs and autobiographies, thereby broadening its utility in narrative analysis. Furthermore, this research highlights the significance of the abstract and coda in non-fiction narratives and calls for additional comparative studies across different media, including film and television.
The Scholarly Methodology in Refuting Doubts and Suspensions Of Qādiyānī on the Finality of Prophethood
The doctrine of the Finality of Prophethood stands as a cornerstone of Islamic faith, affirming the completion and perfection of divine revelation with the mission of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Any claim to subsequent prophethood is viewed as a direct challenge to the very foundation of Islamic theology. The Qādiyānī movement, however, has attempted to reinterpret this doctrine through selective linguistic manipulation and theological distortion, presenting the notion of non-legislative prophethood as compatible with Islamic belief. This article critically examines such claims, analyzing the methods by which Qādiyānī arguments seek to exploit ambiguities in scriptural language while disregarding the broader context of Qur’ānic and Prophetic teachings. The study further highlights the scholarly methodologies employed in refuting these arguments, drawing upon Qur’ānic injunctions, authentic Prophetic traditions, rational proofs, and the unanimous consensus of the early Muslim generations. It underscores the intellectual and institutional efforts of Muslim scholars across centuries in safeguarding the integrity of Khatm al-Nubuwwah. The findings affirm that Qādiyānī claims are not only theologically untenable but also historically inconsistent with the established trajectory of Islamic thought. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the necessity of continued scholarly vigilance in addressing such distortions to preserve the authenticity of Islamic doctrine.
Pedagogical Principles in the Light of Islam and Modern Education: A Comparative Study
Education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals as well as societies. In the Islamic tradition, education is deeply rooted in the Qur’ān and Sunnah, emphasizing holistic growth that integrates moral refinement, intellectual development, and the pursuit of knowledge as an act of devotion to Allah. Islamic pedagogy prioritizes the nurturing of character (tarbiyah), ethical responsibility, and the alignment of learning with spiritual and communal well-being. In contrast, modern education has largely been shaped by secular pedagogical theories, particularly constructivism, behaviorism, and cognitivism, which emphasize student-centered learning, critical thinking, technological integration, and skill acquisition to meet contemporary socio-economic needs. While modern approaches often prioritize efficiency, innovation, and measurable outcomes, Islamic education underscores the inseparability of knowledge and values, seeking to harmonize worldly progress with spiritual accountability. This study undertakes a comparative examination of key pedagogical concepts in both Islamic and modern education, identifying points of convergence and divergence. It argues that while the two paradigms differ in orientation spiritual versus secular, they share common concerns for intellectual growth, social responsibility, and the cultivation of human potential. The research further explores the possibility of synthesizing these frameworks into a balanced educational model that upholds Islamic ethical principles while embracing modern advancements in pedagogy. Such integration, it is suggested, could contribute to the formation of a transformative educational system that is both spiritually grounded and responsive to contemporary challenges.
The Social System of Islam in the Light of the Teachings of the Prophet (ﷺ)
The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ brought an end to the linguistic, racial, and class-based hierarchies that dominated pre-Islamic society and laid the foundation for a model Islamic civilization rooted in the principles of equality, justice, tolerance, and respect for all humankind. Through pragmatic and far-reaching initiatives such as the Mīthāq al-Madīnah (Constitution of Medina), the Muʾākhāt al-Madīnah (Brotherhood of Medina), and the Ḥilf al-Fuḍūl (Pact of the Virtuous), he fostered an unprecedented sense of equality, social harmony, and communal unity. In addition, transformative moments such as the Fatḥ Makkah (Conquest of Mecca) and the Khuṭbat al-Wadāʿ (Farewell Sermon) reinforced revolutionary concepts of human equality, the sanctity of life and property, and the recognition of the rights of women, orphans, and slaves. These teachings not only dismantled oppressive structures but also redefined social relations by ensuring dignity and justice for every individual regardless of lineage, ethnicity, or class. This paper examines the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings within their historical framework while emphasizing their enduring relevance in contemporary times. It argues that the Prophetic model offers timeless guidance for addressing modern socio-cultural challenges, particularly in establishing a welfare-oriented society grounded in balance, righteousness, and inclusivity. By analyzing these initiatives through a modern lens, the study highlights how the Prophetic legacy can inspire the development of equitable social systems in today’s globalized world.
Hallucinatory Realism in the Short Stories of Mazhar ul Islām: A Study
Mazhar ul Islām is a remarkable figure in contemporary Urdū afsāna (short story writing) who departs from conventional modes of storytelling and embraces innovative, experimental narrative techniques. His afsānay frequently move beyond linear plots, instead weaving together fragmented realities, dreamlike imagery, and profound symbolic layers. Among the most distinctive features of his fiction is the employment of Hallucinatory Realism a postmodern narrative strategy that fuses ḥaqīqat (reality), khwāb (dream), and takhayyul (imagination) into a unified aesthetic and intellectual experience. This study aims to explore, identify, and critically analyze the elements of Hallucinatory Realism in Mazhar ul Islām’s afsānay. Through close textual readings, the research highlights his creative use of imagery, metaphor, and symbolism, showing how his stories dissolve the boundaries between the external world and the inner psyche. His fiction reflects a constant negotiation between the visible and the invisible, the real and the surreal, thereby constructing a unique imaginative landscape. Furthermore, the study situates Mazhar ul Islām within the broader discourse of postmodernism, illustrating how his experimental techniques resonate with global literary trends while simultaneously preserving the cultural, aesthetic, and linguistic distinctiveness of Urdū adab (literature). In doing so, his writings enrich the expressive potential of Urdū afsāna, demonstrating how postmodern narrative strategies can be localized and reshaped to produce original forms of storytelling. By integrating Hallucinatory Realism, Mazhar ul Islām not only broadens the stylistic scope of Urdū fiction but also offers readers new dimensions of perception, meaning, and artistic experience.
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah: A Comparative Ethical Analysis
Stephen R. Covey’s influential work, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, presents a framework grounded in universal principles of effectiveness, including responsibility, vision, prioritization, mutual benefit, empathetic communication, creative cooperation, and continuous self-renewal. While Covey’s model is formulated from a secular and managerial perspective, this paper explores the striking parallels between these habits and the ethical-spiritual foundations of Islam. By critically analyzing each habit in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, the study highlights how Islamic teachings not only align with but also provide a deeper moral and spiritual dimension to Covey’s principles. For instance, the Qur’anic concept of accountability before Allah strengthens the idea of personal responsibility, while the Prophetic model of shūrā (consultation) enriches the principle of cooperative synergy. Similarly, the prioritization of faith and values over worldly pursuits reflects a more holistic understanding of “putting first things first.” Through this comparative approach, the paper demonstrates that the Islamic worldview presents a comprehensive paradigm of effectiveness, where personal growth is inseparable from spiritual consciousness, social responsibility, and ethical conduct. The study concludes that integrating Covey’s habits with Qur’anic and Prophetic guidance offers a balanced framework that combines modern productivity strategies with timeless Islamic principles, thus fostering both individual excellence and collective well-being.
Impact of Teacher Motivation on Performance and Student Achievement at Secondary Level
The study investigates teachers’ motivational factors related to job performance and their impact on students’ achievement at the secondary level. The objectives of the study were: to identify the key motivational factors influencing teachers’ job performance; to analyze the relationship between teachers’ motivation and their job performance; to determine students’ achievement at the secondary level; and to find out the effect of teachers’ job performance on students’ academic achievement at secondary schools. This research employed a quantitative design to examine the motivational factors affecting teachers’ job performance and their influence on students’ academic success at the secondary level. A sample of 300 teachers was selected for this study from both public and private schools. The questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale to collect data on teachers’ motivational factors and job performance. The reliability of the instrument was tested using Cronbach's Alpha, which showed a value of 0.845, indicating high internal consistency and confirming the instrument's reliability. Means, standard deviations, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and independent samples t-test were used for analysis. A strong positive correlation was observed between job performance and student achievement. These results suggest that enhancing teacher motivation may lead to better classroom outcomes and student success. The study underscores the importance of supportive work environments and targeted professional development in educational planning.
A Critical Review of Don Gibson's Views Regarding the Geographical Location of the Cave of Hira
This paper offers a critical examination of Dan Gibson’s controversial theory concerning the geographical location of the Cave of Hira. Gibson, a Canadian orientalist, argues that the original sacred city of Islam was Petra rather than Mecca, thereby attempting to relocate significant Islamic sites including the Cave of Hira to Petra. His claims rely heavily on selective readings of early Islamic texts and perceived geographical inconsistencies within traditional narratives. Central to his argument is the assertion that the Cave of Hira must face the Kaaba and contain pagan carvings, which he interprets as evidence of its Petra-based location. This study demonstrates that such interpretations stem from a misreading of Seerah literature and Hadith traditions, reflecting both linguistic inaccuracies and a lack of contextual understanding. Moreover, the identification of a cave in Petra as the Cave of Hira is shown to be logically and theologically problematic, particularly given its association with idolatrous imagery elements fundamentally opposed to the prophetic mission of Muhammad (peace be upon him). By analyzing Gibson’s methodology and contrasting it with established Islamic scholarship, the paper argues that his theory is speculative, devoid of credible archaeological or textual support, and ultimately misrepresents Islamic sources. The review concludes that Gibson’s approach undermines academic reliability and fails to provide a convincing alternative to the traditional understanding of Mecca as the historical and spiritual center of Islam.
Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis
The current research entitled "Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis" is timely as higher education increasingly emphasizes digital learning. Research from 2001 to 2024 has established clear targets and collected massive amounts of data to improve the analysis. The current study has four comprehensive and concise research objectives. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric mapping of postsecondary digital learning trends utilizing Dimensions.com's 2,740 articles, 1,227 of which were analyzed. This study analyses well-known authors and their most cited works, publishing and citation patterns, prominent sources, and contributors to digital learning research. The analysis identifies productive countries, authors, and organizations, analyses co-authorship, and measures publication connections with similar terms. Excel was used to analyze yearly publishing trends, and VOS viewer for bibliometrics. The most quoted work of American author Ruiz was found in 2006 through a study. The data shows a rising trend in publishing frequency and citation patterns, especially after 2015, when 33 publications were published and 253 in 2022. This tendency may be due to worldwide technology improvement and the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased online learning. The study also lists productive authors, nations, and journals advancing digital learning. This bibliometric mapping provides a foundational knowledge base of the tertiary level landscape of digital learning research, which will inform future research and educate researchers, educators, and policymakers about the key actors and changing patterns of this field. The findings emphasize the need for digital learning research and collaboration to improve higher education teaching and learning.
Honor Killings in Pakistan: Patriarchy, Law, and the Struggle for Human Rights
Honor killing remains a pervasive issue in Pakistan, primarily rooted in patriarchal norms and cultural traditions that place a disproportionate emphasis on family honor, particularly linked to women’s behavior. This study investigates the socio-cultural, legal, and religious factors contributing to the persistence of honor killings, exploring their frequency, impact, and the complex challenges surrounding their prevention. Despite the enactment of The Anti-Honour Killing Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment Act of 2016), implementation remains inconsistent, largely due to the dominance of customary practices over statutory law. The research highlights how gender inequality, tribal codes, and misinterpretations of religious teachings perpetuate this form of violence. Victims and their families often endure profound emotional trauma, social isolation, and systemic injustice. This study provides a critical review of current legal frameworks and identifies gaps in enforcement, while also offering recommendations for more effective policy implementation. These include strengthening law enforcement mechanisms, promoting legal literacy, and fostering societal awareness to challenge the cultural acceptance of honor-based violence. Furthermore, the paper calls for community-based interventions, educational initiatives, and religious discourse reform to dismantle the ideological foundations of honor killing. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the national and global discourse on human rights by advocating for a multifaceted approach to eradicating honor killings in Pakistan.
This study critically examines Dr. Anis Nagi’s contributions to Urdu translation, positioning him not merely as a linguistic mediator but as an intellectual and cultural facilitator. Nagi’s translations of seminal Western literary works such as those by Franz Kafka, Boris Pasternak, and others played a transformative role in exposing Urdu readership to diverse intellectual, philosophical, and literary traditions. His work significantly enriched Urdu literature by introducing new stylistic, thematic, and linguistic dimensions. The research explores Nagi’s translation methodology, focusing on his creative fidelity, cultural sensitivity, and theoretical orientation. Rather than adhering strictly to literal translation, Nagi adopted a nuanced and interpretive approach that preserved the essence of the original texts while making them accessible and resonant within the Urdu literary context. His translations exemplify a dynamic interplay between source and target cultures, demonstrating his deep understanding of both linguistic structures and cultural frameworks. The study also investigates Nagi’s influence on Urdu literary criticism, vocabulary expansion, and ideological discourse, emphasizing how his work contributed to the evolution of modern Urdu thought. By comparing his practices with those of his contemporaries, the research highlights Nagi’s unique role in redefining translation as a creative and intellectual enterprise rather than a mechanical transfer of language. Ultimately, this study positions Anis Nagi as a pioneer who expanded the scope of Urdu translation, integrating global literary currents into local contexts and reshaping the understanding of translation as a culturally embedded, literary activity.
Assessment of Early Childhood Care and Education Program at Primary Level in District Mandi Bahauddin
This study investigates the effectiveness of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) programs in fostering holistic development among young children. The primary objectives were to explore teachers’ perceptions regarding the efficacy of ECCE initiatives, identify challenges faced during implementation, evaluate their impact on student enrollment, and propose actionable recommendations for program enhancement. Guided by a positivist paradigm, the research employed a quantitative, descriptive design. The population comprised 170 primary-level schools equipped with ECCE classrooms in District Mandi Bahauddin, covering the three Tehsils: Malikwal, Mandi Bahauddin, and Phalia. Using a convenience sampling technique, 118 schools were selected, with the sample size determined via an online calculator at a 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. Data were collected through structured surveys and analyzed using SPSS. Results indicated a notable increase in student enrollment and engagement in ECCE programs, largely attributed to the presence of safe, welcoming, and stimulating classroom environments. Nevertheless, several critical barriers were identified, including inadequate funding, a shortage of trained educators, and low parental involvement. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving teacher training initiatives, strengthening collaboration between schools and families, and ensuring consistent access to quality educational materials and infrastructure. These measures are essential for enhancing the overall impact and sustainability of ECCE programs.
Analyzing Subjectivity in University Students’ Spoken Discourse
Subjectivity, defined as the presence of personal bias or emotional inclination, often undermines the objectivity required in academic settings. While extensive research has examined subjectivity in written communication, the subjective nature of oral discourse among university students remains an underexplored area. This study investigates the manifestations of subjectivity in the oral discourse of university students through textual analysis of interview data. Grounded in Émile Benveniste’s theory of subjectivity which posits that language is inherently shaped by the speaker’s perspective this research also adopts Alan McKee’s framework for textual analysis to identify linguistic markers of subjectivity. The analysis reveals a prevalent use of self-referential pronouns, emotionally charged vocabulary, and personalized expressions, indicating a consistent pattern of subjective language in students’ spoken interactions. These findings suggest that oral discourse in academic environments is often compromised by personal biases, potentially limiting critical engagement and scholarly rigor. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions in higher education curricula to enhance students’ oral communication skills, particularly by promoting objective discourse practices. Integrating structured training in rhetoric and critical speaking may help cultivate a more balanced and analytical academic culture. Moreover, this research paves the way for future studies to explore the impact of pedagogical strategies on reducing subjectivity in academic speech across various disciplines. Such inquiries may offer deeper insights into how students' spoken communication can be refined to meet the intellectual standards of higher education.
Infāq fī Sabīlillāh An Analytical Study of Its Meaning, Scope, and Socio-Spiritual Impact in Islamic Thought
The term Infāq fī Sabīlillāh, a deeply rooted concept in Islamic theology, literally means “spending in the way of Allah.” Derived from the Arabic root nafaqa, it conveys the act of disbursing or expending wealth or resources. In the Islamic juristic and spiritual framework, Infāq fī Sabīlillāh encompasses both voluntary and obligatory acts of giving whether of wealth, time, or effort solely for the purpose of seeking divine pleasure. This concept is especially significant in contexts such as charitable relief, propagation of Islamic teachings, and the establishment of social justice. This study aims to investigate the dual dimensions of Infāq fī Sabīlillāh: its linguistic origins and its broader terminological and theological significance in Islamic scholarship. It further explores closely related terms such as Ṣadaqah, Zakāt, Khairāt, Iḥsān, and ʿAṭāʾ, elucidating their subtle distinctions and diverse applications across classical and contemporary Islamic discourse. By examining Qur’anic verses, Prophetic traditions, and scholarly interpretations, the paper highlights the ethical, spiritual, and socioeconomic functions of altruistic giving in Islam. It also emphasizes how the practice of Infāq fī Sabīlillāh serves as a vehicle for personal purification (tazkiyah), societal equity, and communal solidarity. In doing so, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of Islamic economic ethics and the transformative role of charity in nurturing compassion, reducing inequality, and promoting justice within Muslim societies. Ultimately, Infāq fī Sabīlillāh emerges as a foundational principle in the Qur’anic vision of a morally upright and socially responsible community.
Khawaja Saras and A Journey of Resilience
The transgender community in Pakistan, commonly referred to as Khawaja Sara, has only recently begun to gain visibility following legal recognition. Despite constitutional protections, they remain among the most marginalized and socially excluded groups in the country. This study aims to explore the lived experiences, social struggles, and contributions of Khawaja Sara individuals who are actively working as professionals and social activists. It investigates the structural barriers and deeply rooted cultural stigmas that continue to hinder their social acceptance and upward mobility. Using a qualitative research design, this study gathered data through semi-structured interviews with members of the Khawaja Sara community engaged in various sectors. Thematic analysis of the data revealed a range of challenges faced by participants, including discrimination, familial rejection, limited access to education and employment, and social invisibility. Yet, the study also identified significant resilience, coping strategies, and personal motivation that have enabled many Khawaja Sara individuals to redefine their identities and roles in society. The findings highlight how community support, access to education, legal reforms, and personal empowerment initiatives can contribute to the social inclusion and empowerment of Khawaja Sara individuals. This research offers important insights for policymakers, educators, and human rights advocates, calling for the development of inclusive policies, awareness campaigns, and targeted support systems. Ultimately, the study underscores the need to view Khawaja Sara not merely as a vulnerable group, but as active agents of change in the pursuit of a more inclusive and equitable society.
Existentialism: The Perception of Human Existence
The human being is the central axis of the universe, carrying within himself the purpose, responsibility, and relationships that give meaning to worldly existence. Man not only strives for his survival but also embodies moral, social, and spiritual duties that shape his life. Created by Allah as the most honored of all beings, human existence is elevated in status, and it is through self-realization that one may truly come to know the Creator. The question of existence, therefore, holds a significant place in both philosophical and theological discourse. From ancient philosophers to modern thinkers, the concept of existence has remained a critical topic, ultimately giving rise to the philosophical movement known as Existentialism. The 20th century, marked by scientific advancements, world wars, and rapid societal transformation, saw a heightened interest in this school of thought. As rationalism dominated the intellectual landscape, existentialism emerged both in response to and in resistance against it focusing instead on individual freedom, choice, alienation, and the search for meaning. This paper explores the core concepts of existentialism, its historical development, and its philosophical foundations. Furthermore, it highlights how existentialist ideas permeated literature, influencing themes, characters, and narrative structures. The study underscores the relevance of existentialism in understanding the human condition and its deep resonance in both modern and postmodern literary works. By linking the existential quest with spiritual and philosophical inquiry, the paper offers insights into how human beings grapple with meaning in a complex, often contradictory world.