AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
Languages continuously evolve through interaction with other linguistic traditions and possess the capacity to assimilate words, idioms, proverbs, literary expressions, and genres from diverse sources. Urdu is particularly notable in this regard, as its historical development reflects an exceptional openness to linguistic and literary influences. It has extensively borrowed from major languages such as Arabic and Persian, incorporating not only vocabulary and idiomatic expressions but also a wide range of literary genres. Prominent poetic forms adopted and adapted by Urdu include qaṣīdah, sī ḥarfī, ghazal, rubāʿī, marsiyah, qiṭʿah, and mathnawī. Similarly, Urdu prose has benefited considerably from other literary traditions, incorporating major genres such as the novel, drama, and short story, which have subsequently become integral components of Urdu literature.In addition to Arabic and Persian influences, Punjabi language and literature have also played a significant role in the development and enrichment of Urdu. Urdu has incorporated numerous Punjabi words, idiomatic expressions, and poetic forms, including kāfī, ṭappah, dohṛā, and māhiyā. Of particular significance is the māhiyā, a traditional Punjabi poetic form that, despite experiencing a decline in its original literary context, gained renewed recognition and prominence after being adopted into Urdu. Over time, it developed into an established short poetic genre within Urdu literature. Numerous distinguished Urdu poets experimented with the māhiyā and contributed significantly to its literary development and popularization. This study therefore examines the process through which Punjabi literary traditions, particularly the māhiyā, were assimilated, transformed, and established within Urdu literary discourse.
Romanticized History in the Novels of Nasīm Ḥijāzī and Sir Walter Scott
The relationship between history and fiction has remained a significant concern in comparative literary studies, particularly in relation to the ways novelists reconstruct the past to address contemporary cultural and ideological concerns. This study examines the representation of romanticized history in Sir Walter Scott’s Waverley and Ivanhoe and Nasīm Ḥijāzī’s Andheri Raat ke Musafir and Yūsuf bin Tāshfīn. Although both novelists have been extensively studied individually, comparatively little attention has been devoted to examining their approaches to historical romanticization from a cross-cultural perspective. Employing Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek’s model of thematic inclusion within comparative literary studies, the research uses qualitative textual analysis to explore how Scott and Ḥijāzī transform historical events into narratives of heroism, cultural memory, national consciousness, and collective identity. The findings demonstrate that Scott romanticizes medieval English history through chivalric ideals, heroic characters, and themes of social reconciliation, whereas Ḥijāzī reconstructs the Islamic past through idealized leadership, religious commitment, moral values, and civilizational achievement. Despite their distinct historical, cultural, and ideological contexts, both writers selectively reshape historical realities to create emotionally engaging narratives that connect the past with the aspirations of their respective societies. The study argues that romanticized history is not merely a literary technique but also a cultural and ideological discourse through which historical memory is interpreted and contemporary identities are constructed. By bringing Scott and Ḥijāzī into comparative dialogue, this study contributes to scholarship on historical fiction, comparative literature, nationalism, cultural memory, and the literary representation of the past.
Islamic History, English History, Ideology
A Comparative Critical Discourse Analysis Across News Media, Political Speeches, and Social Media
In this systematic literature review, the issue of how power is constructed, legitimized, and challenged through language use in Pakistani media discourses will be analyzed. Relying on the theoretical constructs of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), especially Fairclough's model of CDA and Van Dijk's ideological square, this literature review analyzes 50 publications that proved highly pertinent in the context of this study from the 103 candidate articles. Political power is frequently constructed in Pakistani media discourses using the language of ideology, metaphors, personal pronouns, and legitimation language, which are primarily employed by elites. Moreover, the dichotomy of "us versus them" is evident in Pakistani communicative discourses; according to the discourse analysis results, sociopolitical polarization is reproduced in all three mediums, whereas the counter-hegemonic discourse appears to be absent in Pakistani discourses. The language of ideology is employed through the use of metaphorical expressions, such as "stolen mandate" and "puppet government," providing both moral and nationalist legitimacy to the message. The comparison results show that political ideologies are reproduced in traditional media, whereas in the case of social media, there is more emphasis on political polarization and mobilization. Several limitations can be outlined based on the analysis of this literature.
Questioning the Sources: Textual Parallels, Chronological Dilemmas and Orientalist Critics of the Qur’ān
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Western Orientalist scholarship adopted historical-critical source criticism to argue that non-biblical narratives in the Qur’ān were borrowed from Rabbinical and Apocryphal traditions. Pioneered by Jewish rabbinical expert regarding Jewish lore and expanded by Christian missionaries concerning Christian apocryphal Christology and Mariology, this premise asserted textual dependence on sources such as the Talmud, Midrashic compilations and extra-canonical Infancy Gospels. Subsequently, this hypothesis was widely weaponized in missionary polemics, echoed by various regional interlocutors including Urdu theological writers and continues to inform modern source-critical paradigms. This paper critically re-evaluates the validity of these borrowing hypotheses through a twofold analytical inquiry. First, it reassesses the alleged textual parallels to examine whether thematic resonance genuinely demonstrates literary plagiarism or reflects independent oral and shared late antique typologies. Second, it investigates the acute chronological dilemmas underpinning these claims, rigorously interrogating whether the proposed rabbinic and apocryphal texts were definitively compiled prior to the seventh-century Qur’ānic revelation or represent contemporary or posterior redactions. In doing so, this study challenges foundational assumptions in Orientalist source criticism and calls for a chronologically grounded framework for evaluating late antique scriptural intertextuality.
Farigh Bukhari in the Context of Sketch Writing
Farigh Bukhari was a prominent poet, prose writer, and literary critic of the subcontinent who remained closely associated with the Progressive Writers’ Movement. His literary thought, expressed through his distinctive poetry and refined prose, reflects the intellectual and ideological objectives of the progressive literary tradition. In addition to his achievements as a poet and critic, Bukhari demonstrated considerable skill in the genre of sketch writing, producing insightful and memorable sketches of prominent literary personalities of his time. This study examines Farigh Bukhari’s contribution to Urdu sketch writing, with particular emphasis on his celebrated collections Album and Dūsra Album. His sketches transcend mere biographical description and provide perceptive portrayals of the personalities, habits, intellectual orientations, and ideological perspectives of the individuals he encountered. Through vivid characterization, keen observation, engaging narration, and an effective combination of literary and critical elements, Bukhari succeeds in presenting both the public and private dimensions of his subjects. The study further explores how his progressive intellectual outlook influenced his approach to sketch writing and shaped his representation of contemporary literary figures. His sketches serve not only as valuable examples of Urdu prose but also as important documents of the literary and intellectual environment of his era. The research concludes that Farigh Bukhari occupies a significant position in Urdu sketch writing, as his works combine artistic expression, critical insight, historical documentation, and personal observation. His contribution considerably enriched the genre and continues to hold value for readers and researchers of Urdu literature.
Critical Analysis of the RAND Report "The Muslim World after 9/11": Securitization, Bias, and the Erasure of Muslim Agency
This article provides a critical analysis of the RAND Corporation's 2004 report "The Muslim World After 9/11," examining its methodological frameworks, analytical biases, and policy recommendations through the lens of Islamic normative principles and post-colonial critique. The 564-page study, commissioned by the United States Air Force, represents one of the most ambitious attempts by a Western strategic institution to map the religious, political, and social terrain of global Islam. Through detailed analysis of the report's treatment of nine regional contexts—the Middle East, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Palestine, Iraq and Syria, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Muslim diasporas—the article identifies systematic patterns of securitization, state-centric bias, secular normativity, and the instrumentalization of "moderate Islam." The article argues that the report's analytical framework reduces complex civilizational phenomena to security variables, privileges authoritarian allies over Islamist movements, assumes secular state structures as normative, and defines "moderate Islam" in terms of compatibility with Western policy interests rather than authentic Islamic theological criteria. Most significantly, the report systematically excludes self-reflection on Western policy—including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, support for authoritarian regimes, drone strikes, and colonial legacies—as drivers of radicalization. The article contrasts RAND's policy worldview with a Quranic framework grounded in Divine sovereignty, justice ('adl), consultation (shura), and accountability, arguing that a justice-centered approach offers a more ethical and effective alternative to securitized engagement with Muslim societies.
Required Attributes of Politicians in the Light of Islamic Teachings: An Analytical Study
This study examines the essential personal and collective qualities required for political leadership in the light of Islamic teachings. Drawing upon the Qurʾān, authentic Prophetic traditions, and the works of classical Muslim scholars, the research presents a comprehensive framework of ethical and administrative principles that characterize an ideal pWWolitical leader. Employing a qualitative and analytical methodology, the study explores the moral foundations of Islamic governance and their relevance to contemporary political thought. The research identifies key leadership qualities, including taqwā, knowledge, justice, sincerity, patience, wisdom, accountability, integrity, and an unwavering commitment to public welfare. It further examines fundamental principles of Islamic governance, such as merit-based appointments, consultation, impartiality, rejection of tribalism and group bias, openness to constructive criticism, transparency, and responsiveness to the needs of society. These principles are analyzed through relevant Qurʾānic verses and Prophetic guidance, demonstrating their significance in establishing a just and stable political order. To illustrate the practical application of these ideals, the study draws upon historical examples from the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, with particular emphasis on the administrative practices of Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (RA). The findings suggest that Islamic political thought offers a balanced, ethical, and sustainable model of governance that integrates moral integrity with administrative competence. The study concludes that these enduring principles provide valuable guidance for addressing contemporary challenges in political leadership, public administration, and good governance.
The RAND Report's Impact on Muslim Societies and the Way Forward: Securitization, Resistance, and the Quranic Alternative
This article synthesizes the findings from a critical analysis of the RAND Corporation's 2004 report "The Muslim World After 9/11," evaluating its impact on Muslim societies and Western policy while proposing a Quranic framework for just and ethical engagement. The analysis identifies systematic patterns in RAND's analytical framework: the securitization of Islam (85% of Islamist movements framed as security threats), state-centric bias favoring authoritarian allies, secular normativity, and the instrumentalization of "moderate Islam" defined by compatibility with Western policy interests. The report's policy recommendations are heavily weighted toward security and military solutions (60%), with economic aid (20%), political reform (12%), and educational/cultural programs (8%) receiving less emphasis. The article argues that RAND's influence has been largely counterproductive: it legitimized authoritarian repression, distorted Western-Muslim discourse, undermined authentic Islamic counter-extremism, and fueled the very instability it claims to address. The article contrasts RAND's policy worldview with a Quranic framework grounded in Divine sovereignty, justice ('adl), consultation (shura), and accountability, offering comprehensive recommendations for Western policymakers and the Muslim Ummah. The Quranic alternative, the article concludes, is not a return to pre-modern theocracy but a commitment to justice as the organizing principle of governance, consultation as the mechanism of accountability, and Divine law as the source of legitimacy a framework that rejects both Western secularism and violent extremism.
Literature serves as a mirror of the culture, society, and intellectual climate of every region, reflecting the values, traditions, emotions, and collective experiences of its people. Literary production is shaped by the social and cultural environment in which it emerges, and the spirit of competition has historically played a significant role in its development. While literary rivalry has often encouraged creativity, innovation, and the production of high-quality works, it has also given rise to envy, personal disputes, and intellectual conflicts. These literary contests have influenced not only the evolution of literature but also the relationships among writers and the broader literary environment. This study examines the early literary debates and rivalries of Peshawar, one of the oldest cultural centers of the Indian subcontinent. Renowned for its rich linguistic diversity, Peshawar has long been home to multiple civilizations and languages, providing fertile ground for literary and intellectual activity. Among the various languages spoken in the region, Urdu gradually emerged as a prominent literary medium and gained widespread recognition through the contributions of local and visiting scholars, poets, and writers. Using a historical and analytical approach, this article explores the formative literary encounters that shaped Peshawar's Urdu literary tradition. It highlights the participation of distinguished poets from different parts of the subcontinent, the organization of literary gatherings and national mushāʿirahs, and the intellectual exchanges that enriched the city's literary culture. The study concludes that these early literary contests significantly contributed to the growth of Urdu literature in Peshawar, establishing the city as an important center of literary excellence and preserving a vibrant tradition of scholarly dialogue and creative expression.
New Atheism and Jewish Philosophy: An Analytical Study of William E. Kaufman's Perspective on the Existence of God
This article examines William E. Kaufman's Jewish philosophical response to the New Atheists' arguments against the existence of God. It focuses on the criticisms of New Atheists concerning God, evolution, faith and the problem of evil and analyses Kaufman's replies from the perspective of contemporary Jewish philosophy. Kaufman argues that the existence of God is a metaphysical rather than a scientific question and therefore cannot be resolved by empirical science alone. He further maintains that evolutionary theory does not necessarily lead to atheism and that faith cannot be reduced to belief without evidence. Drawing on the thought of Milton Steinberg, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Martin Buber, Emmanuel Levinas and Mordecai M. Kaplan, Kaufman presents alternative Jewish understandings of God based on rational reflection, religious experience, ethical responsibility and divine creativity. Using a qualitative and analytical approach, this study concludes that Kaufman's work offers a significant Jewish philosophical contribution to the contemporary debate on the existence of God by challenging the assumptions of scientific materialism and presenting belief in God as a coherent and intellectually defensible worldview.
A Comparative Analysis of Head Teachers’ Management for Academic Problems in Secondary Education Landscape
The leadership and knowledge that head teachers offer their mentees make them great role models. Furthermore, it is recognized that upon taking up their positions as school principals in Pakistan, head teachers face a multitude of educational and instructional obstacles. These are the insufficient space in classroom, overcrowded classrooms, psychological problems related to the gap between ideals and reality, ineffective policies, lack of professional skills and training, lack of subject matter knowledge, and discipline issues are all highlighted in this study. This research delves into the management problems faced by secondary school principals. The study's sample population included heads of both public and private universities. Sialkot district was the centers of attention for this research. Using a self-structured questionnaire, 96 instructors, including both males and females, provided the data. The researchers applied a multi-stage sampling technique for the selection of the sample. The teachers were unhappy with their professional development. The study found that research can help identify the true challenges faced by head teachers and offer practical solutions that would support their professional growth and classroom impact.
Time and Space: A Multidisciplinary Critical Appraisal of Literature, Philosophy, Religion and Science
This paper explores the conceptual dimensions of time (Zaman) and space (Makan), examining how these fundamental constructs intersect across literature, philosophy, and modern science. Historically regarded as either absolute realities or mere cognitive fabrications, time and space serve as the indispensable scaffolding for human experience and cosmic existence. In literature, the study delineates the structural deployment of chronological ordering, contrasting linear narratives, exemplified by Saadat Hasan Manto’s Toba Tek Singh, with nonlinear frameworks that utilize flashbacks and temporal fragmentation, as seen in Intizar Hussain’s Aakhri Aadmi. Philosophically, the paper investigates the foundational dichotomy between the relational, non-realist perspective of Islamic scholar Imam Al-Ghazali and German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who viewed time as an ideal continuum of successions, and the realist orientation of Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Henri Bergson, who posited time as Dauran-e-Khalis (pure duration) an inherently creative, non-cyclic flow synonymous with life itself. Transitioning into empirical domains, the research evaluates how astrophysics and quantum principles validate motion as the ultimate catalyst generating space-time. By invoking Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, cosmic phenomena, such as the drastically varied day lengths across planets like Venus and Jupiter—and the immutable cosmic speed limit of light, the study illustrates the intrinsic relativity of temporal dimensions. Furthermore, it addresses advanced psychological variables, specifically how enhanced neural processing speed and accelerated cognition induce subjective time dilation during acute physiological states. Conclusively, the paper synthesizes these diverse paradigms to argue that time and space are not futile intellectual exercises but interconnected manifestations of cosmic motion, demonstrating that temporal experiences remain fundamentally tethered to physical spatial constraints and cognitive relativity.
An Introduction to Prominent Orientalists Who Criticized the Qurʾān and a Research Based Analysis of Their Objections to the Qurʾānic Text
The Holy Qurʾān has remained the central source of Islamic faith, law, and civilization for over fourteen centuries. Alongside its profound influence, it has also been the subject of extensive scrutiny by Orientalist scholars, many of whom questioned its authenticity, textual preservation, historical reliability, and divine origin. This study introduces the most prominent Orientalists who raised objections to the Qurʾān and critically examines their arguments concerning the Qurʾānic text (nuṣūṣ al-Qurʾān). Employing a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, the research explores the intellectual background and scholarly approaches of selected Orientalists before evaluating their claims in light of classical and contemporary Islamic scholarship. The study analyzes major objections related to the compilation and preservation of the Qurʾān, the authenticity of its text, the nature of revelation, linguistic characteristics, and allegations of external influences on its contents. These arguments are assessed through primary Islamic sources, including the Qurʾān, authentic ḥadīth literature, and the works of leading Muslim scholars of tafsīr, ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, and Islamic history. The research demonstrates that many Orientalist criticisms stem from selective use of historical evidence, methodological inconsistencies, and inadequate engagement with the Islamic intellectual tradition. By presenting a balanced and evidence-based evaluation of Orientalist perspectives, this study seeks to clarify common misconceptions, strengthen scholarly understanding of Qurʾānic studies, and contribute to contemporary research on the interaction between Orientalism and the Islamic intellectual heritage.
Roland Barthes's Five Codes in Ghassan Kanafani’s The Land of Sad Oranges: An Analytical Study
This study examines Roland Barthes’s Five Codes Theory in The Land of Sad Oranges (1962), a short story collection by Ghassan Kanafani. The research aims to identify and analyze the hermeneutic, proairetic, semic, symbolic, and cultural codes within selected stories from the collection. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach and textual analysis, the study investigates how these narrative codes contribute to the construction of meaning and the representation of the Palestinian experience. The findings reveal that all five codes are prominently present in the selected stories and function as significant narrative devices. The stories also reflect major binary oppositions, including injustice and security, displacement and settlement, love and hatred, illusion and reality, poverty and wealth, and innocence and evil. Through the application of Barthes’s theory, the study provides deeper insight into the thematic and structural dimensions of Kanafani’s narratives. The research contributes to the critical study of Kanafani’s works and expands the application of Barthes’s narrative theory in Arabic literary criticism.
Surveillance and Discipline in the Workplace: A Foucauldian Analysis of Working Women
This study examines the dynamics of workplace power through the theoretical framework of Michael Foucault, focusing on the experiences of working women. Drawing on Foucauldian theory of power relations, the research explores how power operates through hierarchical authority but also through subtle mechanisms such as surveillance, discipline, and workplace. The study employs a quantitative case study approach to investigate the everyday experiences of working women in organizational settings. Data were collected through random sampling technique using questionnaire to identify patterns of control, resistance, and negotiation within professional environment. The data collected from a total of 40 respondents were further analyzed through SPSS Statistics 20 software. The generated frequencies were examined through descriptive analysis to relate the respondents’ choices to the Foucault’s theory. The findings reveal that power in the workplace is dispersed and embedded in organizational practices, policies, and interpersonal interactions. By applying Foucault’s concept of power, the study highlights how workplace environments simultaneously restrain and enable women’s participation and advancement. The research contributes to discussions in gender and organizational studies and to understand the behavioral roles played by the women in professional setting.
Prophetic Principles for Child Psychology : A Scholarly Review in the Contemporary Context
A child’s psychological well-being constitutes the foundation of a healthy and prosperous society. In an age characterized by digital anxiety, social fragmentation, and increasing psychological challenges, the Prophetic model of child upbringing offers a comprehensive and timeless framework for nurturing balanced personalities. This study, titled “Prophetic Principles for Child Psychology: A Scholarly Review in the Contemporary Context,” examines ten fundamental principles derived from the Sīrah of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and evaluates their relevance to contemporary psychological and educational concerns. It further highlights the role of positive reinforcement, encouragement, and the cultivation of curiosity in promoting intellectual and emotional development. Through an analytical examination of Prophetic practices, the study demonstrates the significance of justice and equality among children, compassionate communication, and gentle correction of mistakes in fostering psychological stability and resilience. Additionally, the paper discusses the importance of positive social interaction, delegation of responsibility, and the development of decision-making abilities in cultivating autonomy, confidence, and leadership qualities in children. These principles are analyzed in light of contemporary psychological theories and child-development research, revealing their enduring relevance and practical applicability. The study concludes that the integration of these Prophetic principles into modern parenting and educational practices can effectively address many contemporary psychological challenges. By combining spiritual guidance with sound developmental practices, the Prophetic model provides a holistic framework for raising children who are emotionally secure, intellectually capable, morally grounded, and socially responsible.
The Methodology and Literary Style of Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ’s al-Shifāʾ bi-Taʿrīf Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafā ﷺ: An Analytical Study
The book Al-Shifāʾ bi-Taʿrīf Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafā by Qadi Iyad occupies a distinguished position in Islamic scholarship due to its comprehensive treatment of the rights, virtues, status, and noble characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This research examines the methodology and literary style employed by Qadi Iyad in the composition of this seminal work. It explores the author's systematic approach to presenting prophetic traditions, Qur’ānic evidences, scholarly opinions, and historical narratives in support of his arguments. The study further analyzes the organizational structure of the book, its thematic arrangement, and the balance between devotional expression and academic rigor. The research highlights how Qadi Iyad combines textual authenticity with eloquent expression, making the work both a scholarly reference and a source of spiritual inspiration. Particular attention is given to his methods of citation, argumentation, and defense of the Prophet’s dignity against misconceptions and challenges. The study also investigates the influence of the book on later Islamic scholarship and its enduring relevance in contemporary discussions concerning the Prophet’s status and rights. Using an analytical and descriptive research method, this paper concludes that Al-Shifāʾ represents a unique synthesis of hadith studies, theology, jurisprudence, history, and literary excellence. Its methodological coherence and refined style have contributed significantly to its acceptance across the Muslim world, establishing it as one of the most influential works in the field of Prophetic studies.
Comparative Study of the Opinions of Qurʾānic Exegetes Regarding Selected Apparently Contradictory Verses of the Qurʾān
Islam offers a comprehensive and universal code of life, and the Holy Qurʾān the final revealed scripture serves as an enduring source of guidance for humanity until the Day of Judgment. While certain Qurʾānic verses may appear to present contradictions at first glance, this study contends that the Qurʾān is entirely free from genuine inconsistency. Employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the research examines selected instances of apparent contradiction through the lens of classical Islamic exegesis (tafsīr). Drawing upon the works of distinguished mufassirūn, including Qāḍī Thanāʾ Allāh Pānīpatī, ʿAllāmah al-Ālūsī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī Thānawī, Imām al-Ṭabarī, Imām al-Rāzī, Imām al-Suyūṭī, ʿAllāmah al-Zamakhsharī, Imām Ibn Kathīr, and Imām al-Qurṭubī, the study situates the discussion within established exegetical and juristic frameworks. Following a concise introduction to these scholars and their contributions to Qurʾānic interpretation, the paper analyzes three examples of ostensibly conflicting verses. By integrating the explanations of the commentators with relevant narrations of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and principles of Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh), the study demonstrates coherent reconciliations that preserve the integrity and unity of Qurʾānic revelation. The findings indicate that perceived contradictions often arise from superficial readings, linguistic ambiguity, or insufficient contextual understanding. In contrast, rigorous scholarly inquiry consistently affirms the thematic coherence, linguistic precision, and theological harmony of the Qurʾān. This research seeks to clarify common misconceptions, reinforce the Qurʾān’s status as a unified and internally consistent source of divine guidance, and contribute to contemporary scholarship on Qurʾānic hermeneutics and interpretation.
Mutual Responsibilities of the Ruler and the People in the Light of the Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ
This article explores the mutual duties of the rulers and the people in the light of the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The Seerah offers an ideal model of Islamic governance in which authority is closely linked with responsibility, trust, and accountability. As a ruler, the Prophet (ﷺ) established justice, equality, consultation, and public welfare as the fundamental principles of governance, while guiding the subjects toward obedience, sincerity, discipline, and a sense of collective responsibility. The study highlights that in an Islamic system, the primary duty of the ruler is to implement divine commands, ensure justice, protect the rights of the weak, address public needs, and avoid oppression and tyranny. Likewise, the subjects are obliged to obey the ruler in lawful matters, refrain from rebellion and disorder, and contribute positively to social harmony and stability. The Seerah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) clearly reflects a relationship between ruler and subjects based on mutual trust, goodwill, and moral values, which are essential for the strength and continuity of any state. The article concludes that when both rulers and subjects fulfill their respective duties according to the Prophetic model, society can achieve justice, peace, and prosperity, and many contemporary political and social challenges may be effectively addressed through these timeless principles.
The Human Relationship with the Universe and Nature: Foundations of Balance, Mercy, and Responsibility in the Light of the Prophetic Sīrah
The Prophetic Biography (Sīrah) offers a comprehensive worldview that frames the relationship between human beings and the universe on the principles of justice, mercy, and balance. It presents the human being as God’s vicegerent (khalīfah) on earth, entrusted with moral responsibility toward nature, the environment, and all living beings extending beyond material development to the preservation of cosmic order. This paper aims to examine the ethical and intellectual foundations established by the Prophet ﷺ for regulating the human–nature relationship, analyzing them in the light of the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah) and contemporary environmental discourse. Employing a descriptive and analytical approach, the study draws on the Qur’an, the Prophetic Sunnah, and classical Islamic sources, with selective reference to modern environmental theories to highlight the holistic nature of the Prophetic vision. The study argues that the principle of “mercy to all creation” constitutes the core of the Prophetic environmental ethic. The Prophet’s ﷺ guidance regarding water, animals, plants, air, and soil forms an integrated moral framework that may be described as Eco-Ethics of Fitrah. The paper further contends that contemporary environmental challenges cannot be effectively addressed without engaging this Prophetic paradigm, which harmonizes spiritual values with practical responsibility. The Prophetic Biography thus provides a sustainable and human-centered model for the relationship between humanity and nature, integrating religion, ethics, and environmental responsibility in the pursuit of balanced and sustainable life.
The Legislative Significance of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth in the Derivation of Legal Rulings: A Critical and Analytical Study of Imam al-Suyūṭī’s Methodology
The science of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth occupies a significant position in the understanding and interpretation of Prophetic traditions, as it provides the historical, situational, and contextual background in which a Hadith was articulated. Just as Asbāb al-Nuzūl is essential for the proper exegesis of the Qur’an, knowledge of the causes and circumstances of Hadith narration is indispensable for sound legal deduction (Istinbāṭ -e-Aḥkām) and balanced juristic interpretation. This research examines the legislative significance of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth in the derivation of Islamic legal rulings through a critical and analytical study of the methodology of Imam Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (849–911 AH). The study particularly focuses on Imam al-Suyūṭī’s renowned work Al-Luma‘ fī Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth, which is considered the first independent and systematically arranged compilation in this discipline. This research also presents a critical evaluation of al-Suyūṭī’s organizational structure by identifying certain technical limitations, including the placement of some narrations under unrelated jurisprudential chapters and the omission of important legal topics such as Zakāt, Ḥudūd, and Jihād. Despite these limitations, the study concludes that Al-Luma‘ remains a foundational contribution to the science of Asbāb Wurūd al-Ḥadīth and an essential guide for jurists and researchers in understanding the objectives and legal implications of Prophetic traditions. By linking the methodology of Asbāb al-Wurūd with Maqāṣid al-Sunnah, the study demonstrates that contextual interpretation enables a more balanced, moderate, and comprehensive application of Prophetic teachings in accordance with changing times and circumstances. The research ultimately argues that reviving this discipline is crucial for contemporary Islamic scholarship, legal reasoning, and the promotion of intellectual moderation within Muslim societies.
The Feminine Critical Tradition in Urdu and Saadat Hasan Manto: An Analytical Study
Saadat Hasan Manto remains a cornerstone of Urdu literature, yet his work has historically been a battlefield of moral and aesthetic controversies. This research article, titled "The Feminine Critical Tradition and Saadat Hasan Manto an Analytical Study," explores the profound role of female critics and writers in deciphering, defending, and re-evaluating Manto’s literary legacy. While Manto was often marginalized by contemporary male critics under the guise of obscenity and negativity, the feminine critical tradition provided a more nuanced and objective lens to understand his art. The study examines the contributions of various female intellectuals ranging from the intimate reflections of Ismat Chughtai and the scholarly comparative analysis of Mumtaz Shirin to the modern socio-historical and stylistic perspectives of Ayesha Jalal, Tahira Iqbal, and others. The research highlights how these writers transcended superficial moral judgments to uncover the psychological depth, gender consciousness, and humanistic fervor in Manto’s narratives. It particularly focuses on Manto’s portrayal of women moving beyond the patriarchal stereotypes of the era and his role as an unwavering historical witness to the trauma of the 1947 Partition. By analyzing Manto’s stylistic evolution and his thematic boldness through a feminine prism, this article concludes that the female perspective has been instrumental in reclaiming Manto’s status as a universal humanist. The findings suggest that Manto’s literary survival and his continued relevance in contemporary discourse are deeply indebted to the intellectual rigor and empathetic understanding provided by the feminine critical tradition in Urdu literature.
The Intersection of Psychosocial Development and Gender Identity through the Lens of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah
The contemporary world is experiencing rapid social, cultural, and intellectual transformations that have significantly influenced human perceptions, values, and lifestyles. Over the past several centuries, changing social norms have reshaped discussions surrounding identity, gender, and human relationships. While some societies, cultures, and belief systems have embraced these developments, others continue to evaluate them through their religious, moral, and cultural frameworks. In such matters, a balanced understanding requires careful consideration of empirical evidence, social realities, religious teachings, and the potential consequences for individuals and society. Among the issues receiving considerable global attention is LGBTQI identity and its implications for contemporary social life. The research aims to provide readers with a clear understanding of the concepts associated with LGBTQI discourse and the debates surrounding them. Particular attention is given to the religious and social dimensions of gender identity, especially in cases where self-perceived gender differs from biological sex, excluding medically recognized intersex conditions. The study analyzes the potential social and ethical implications of gender self-identification from an Islamic perspective and discusses concerns regarding its impact on family structures, social values, and future generations. Furthermore, the paper highlights the rights and status of intersex individuals within Islamic teachings and presents recommendations for ensuring their dignity and legitimate rights. It also proposes educational and social measures aimed at increasing public awareness, guiding younger generations, and strengthening Islamic moral values to promote social well-being and cohesion within Muslim societies.
Analyzing Historical Misrepresentations in Shaikh ‘Ali al-Ṭanṭāwī’s Aḥmad bin ‘Irfān al-Shahīd
This paper critically examines the historical narrative presented by the renowned Islamic scholar Shaikh Ali al-Tantawi in his book Aḥmad bin ‘Irfān al-Shahīd regarding the armed movement of Syed Ahmad Shahid Barelvi against the Sikh rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in northwestern India. The study aims to identify and evaluate historical inaccuracies in al-Tantawi’s account through a comparative analysis of primary and secondary historical sources related to this important episode of South Asian Islamic history. Ali al-Ṭanṭāwī portrays Syed Ahmad as a leader who largely avoided conflict with Muslim Pashtun tribes and achieved significant military victories against the Sikh forces. However, a careful examination of contemporary records and authoritative historical works reveals a different picture. The evidence indicates that Syed Ahmad’s movement remained engaged in prolonged conflicts with various Pashtun tribes for nearly five years, largely due to political, social, and religious disagreements. Furthermore, contrary to claims of major victories over the Sikh military, Syed Ahmad’s forces were generally unable to defeat the regular Sikh army in decisive engagements or establish lasting control over major cities and fortresses. The temporary occupation of Muzaffarabad stands as a limited exception and did not result in sustained territorial authority. The paper also highlights al-Tantawi’s failure to adequately investigate the reasons behind the opposition of many Pashtuns Muslims to Syed Ahmad’s movement. By reassessing these issues, the study contributes to a more balanced and historically grounded understanding of Syed Ahmad Shahid’s struggle and its complex regional dynamics.
Rewriting East-West Encounters in Daughter of the East
This study examines the representation of East–West encounters in Benazir Bhutto’s memoir Daughter of the East and highlights her commitment to equality, democracy, and global justice. The research analyzes the geopolitical and cultural insights presented in the memoir within the framework of postcolonial theory, particularly drawing upon the ideas of David Huddart and Chandra Talpade Mohanty. Huddart’s discussions of autobiographical postcolonialism and Mohanty’s critique of Western feminist discourse provide the theoretical basis for evaluating Bhutto’s challenge to dominant Western narratives and her call for mutual respect, equality, and autonomy in international relations. The study explores how Daughter of the East reflects Bhutto’s perspective on global politics, gender relations, and democratic ideals within a postcolonial context. It particularly focuses on how Bhutto, as a South Asian Muslim woman leader, reconfigures prevailing discourses on power and identity. The research argues that the memoir contests Western hegemonic assumptions that often marginalize non-Western intellectual and political voices. Using a qualitative and analytical methodology, the study demonstrates that Bhutto’s narrative promotes intercultural understanding and advocates a more balanced global order grounded in justice and equality. The findings reveal her resistance to political and cultural domination and emphasize the significance of non-Western perspectives in reshaping contemporary political and feminist discourse. Ultimately, this study contributes to postcolonial feminist scholarship by foregrounding the role of marginalized voices in redefining global narratives.
The Election of the Caliphate and the Theological Style of Sīrah Writing: A Critical Review of Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadha al-‘Amili’s “Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam”
This article presents a critical study of the theological and historiographical methodology employed by Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadha al-‘Amili in his renowned work Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam ﷺ, with particular focus on the issue of the election of the Caliphate (Intikhab-e-Khilafat) and its treatment within prophetic biography (Sīrah writing). The study explores how the author integrates theological discourse (Kalām) into historical narration and examines the extent to which doctrinal commitments influence his analysis of early Islamic political events. The article critically evaluates al-‘Amili’s interpretive approach toward the events surrounding the succession to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, especially his discussion of the incidents of Saqifah, Ghadir Khumm, and the role of the Companions. It further investigates his reliance on historical reports, principles of source criticism, and argumentative style in comparison with classical Sunni and Shi‘a historiographical tradition. By analyzing selected passages from Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam ﷺ, the study highlights the author’s tendency to employ a polemical and theological framework while reconstructing historical narratives. The research also discusses the broader impact of sectarian perspectives on Sīrah literature and assesses whether theological presuppositions strengthen or compromise historical objectivity. Using analytical and comparative methods, the article aims to contribute to contemporary academic discussions on Islamic historiography, Sīrah studies, and the relationship between theology and history in Muslim intellectual tradition.
Identity Reconstruction Struggles and Gender Dynamics of Couples Living with Involuntary Childlessness
This qualitative study used interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore involuntarily childless couples lived experiences of identity negotiation, meaning-making processes, and gendered expectations in the pro-natalist sociocultural context of Pakistan. In-depth interviews were completed, utilizing nine married couples, sampled purposefully from a variety of socio-economic backgrounds within urban & semi-urban areas of Lahore. Four emerged themes revealed the involuntary childlessness as construction of identities through meaning-making", demonstrates the ways the study's participants utilized their faith related belief systems, which helped reorganize the meanings associated with being childless into divine tests, opportunities for spiritual development, and manifestations of a loving God preparing them to cope with stressors associated with the world. Moreover, study participants had contradictory self-perceptions (as incomplete yet satisfied) as these perceptions were the result of strong negotiation processes between their internalized pro-natalist and subjective well-being values rather than adopting passive behaviors related to social customs. The secondary theme reinforced the use of compensatory relational strategies; for example, individuals who perform caretaking roles use this role for identity fulfillment. The third theme supported the notion that some couples have conflicting marital patterns, i.e., some couples express a strong dyadic integration, and others expressed their relationships in a deteriorative manner; especially reported by couples whose family systems do not provide sufficient support. The fourth theme highlighted significant gender differences; wives experience childlessness as an ontological degradation of their feminine identity, while men enjoy social privilege and assume gatekeeping function regarding matters associated with reproduction. The findings suggest that involuntary childlessness in Pakistan is a culturally embedded, relationally interceded, and significantly gendered phenomenon that challenges the Westernized, individualistic ideas of parenthood, where identity, and family status are achieved through relationships with spouse and interaction with family, society and religion.
Commonalities in the Teachings of Islam and Sikhism: A Research-Based Study in the Light of the Sīrah
Sikhism and Islam, though emerging from distinct historical and cultural contexts, share a number of fundamental spiritual and ethical principles. This study explores their commonalities, with particular emphasis on the concept of the oneness of God, human equality, service to humanity, modes of worship, and core moral values. Both traditions affirm belief in a single, all-encompassing Divine reality Allah in Islam and Vāhigurū or Ik Oaṅkār in Sikhism. Furthermore, both religions strongly uphold the principle of human equality. Islam emphasizes that superiority is based solely on piety (taqwā), while Sikhism advocates universal equality irrespective of caste, class, or social status. Service to humanity is another central tenet in both traditions; Islam regards helping others as an act of virtue and devotion, whereas Sikhism places significant emphasis on selfless service (sevā) as a core religious duty. In addition, both faiths attach great importance to worship practices, including regular prayers and spiritual discipline, which foster a direct connection with the Divine. Ethical values such as truthfulness, honesty, compassion, and justice are deeply embedded within both traditions. The Sīrah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ further provides numerous examples of compassion, empathy, and concern for human welfare, reinforcing these shared values. This study highlights how the common principles of Sikhism and Islam can serve as a foundation for mutual respect, interfaith harmony, and deeper understanding. All these aspects are analyzed in the light of the Sīrah, demonstrating their relevance in contemporary society.
The Contributions and Multidimensional Aspects of Muslim Philosophers in the Evolution of Philosophical Thought
Since the emergence of this vast and intricate universe particularly with the advent of life human beings have persistently sought to uncover the mysteries and purposes underlying existence. Throughout history, this quest has evolved through diverse ideas, philosophical frameworks, and intellectual methodologies. From the earliest stages of human consciousness to the present day, humanity has remained engaged in an enduring effort to comprehend the hidden realities and fundamental truths of the cosmos. It is evident that this intellectual pursuit will continue as long as questions about existence, purpose, and reality remain. Within this context, Islam offers a profound and comprehensive perspective that actively encourages human beings to reflect upon the nature of the universe. It calls upon individuals to utilize their God-given faculties—reason, observation, and contemplation to explore the signs embedded within creation. The Qurʾānic worldview promotes critical thinking, rational inquiry, and deep intellectual engagement with both the physical and metaphysical dimensions of existence. This research article seeks to examine how Islam guides humanity toward understanding the philosophy of the universe by emphasizing contemplation (tafakkur), reflection (tadabbur), and reasoned analysis. It further highlights the importance of exploring the principles, limits, and outcomes of philosophical inquiry within an Islamic framework, ultimately aiming to achieve a meaningful and coherent understanding of existence.
The Haryanvi language, commonly known as Haryānvī, is the principal vernacular of the Haryana region in northern India and derives its name from this geographical association. Historically, it has been referred to by various names such as Bangru, Jatu, Deswali, Powadhi, Khadri, Ahirwati, Ranghri, and Rohtaki, which are, in fact, its regional dialects rather than entirely distinct languages. Even today, Haryanvi is spoken in multiple standardized dialectal forms across the state, reflecting its rich linguistic diversity and cultural depth. Before the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the region of Haryana comprised four major districts Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, and Karnal and was administratively part of the Ambala Division. The region holds significant historical importance and is often referred to as the “Battlefield of India” due to its strategic location. Numerous historical invasions and battles occurred in this area, as it served as a primary route for invaders advancing toward Delhi. Historical records indicate that within a radius of approximately 150 kilometers around Delhi, numerous princely clans were settled, who resisted foreign invasions with remarkable courage and resilience. Despite its historical prominence, the region has long been considered socio-economically underdeveloped. Nevertheless, the Haryanvi language has remained a strong marker of regional identity, preserving the cultural and social ethos of its speakers. This study highlights the historical, linguistic, and cultural evolution of Haryanvi, emphasizing its dialectal richness and its role in shaping the identity of the Haryana region.