AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal
type: channel
description: AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
publisher: Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
language: en
publication name: AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal
issn: 3006-1261
items: Reality vs. Simulation: A Postmodernist Analysis of the Hyperreality in Agency by Gibson
items: G͟hulām Aḥmad Parvēz’s Thought: An Analytical Review of Traditional Religious Practices
items: Discourses on Rhythm in Urdu Prose Poetry
items: Guidance for Educational Institutions and Members of Society Regarding Technology: In the Light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah
items: A Research Study on the Prophetic Characteristics (Khaṣā’iṣ al-Nabī) of Muhammad ﷺ in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
items: A Stylistic Analysis of Figurative Language in Contemporary English Song Lyrics: Metaphor and Symbolism in 'Demons' and 'Let It Go'
items: Cultural Identity and Pragmatic Competence: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Punjabi and Pashto Learners of English in Pakistan
items: Selective Visibility of Western Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis of AI’s Responses on the Palestine and Ukraine Conflicts
items: The Four Stages of Anima in the Short Stories of Khālid Saeed
items: An Exploration of Vēda Samāj and Its Philosophical Teachings
items: Welfare Strategies for New Muslims in the Prophetic Society and Their Contemporary Applications
items: An Analytical Study of the Interpretation of al-Kashshāf in Light of the Causes of Differences in Tafsīr
items: Impact of Colorism on Women's Self-Image and Opportunities
items: An Analysis of the Critiques of Sufi Doctrines of Sainthood (Walāyah), Miracles (Karāmāt), and the Concept of the Spiritual Master (Shaykh)
items: A Labovian Analysis of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014)
items: The Scholarly Methodology in Refuting Doubts and Suspensions Of Qādiyānī on the Finality of Prophethood
items: Pedagogical Principles in the Light of Islam and Modern Education: A Comparative Study
items: The Social System of Islam in the Light of the Teachings of the Prophet (ﷺ)
items: Hallucinatory Realism in the Short Stories of Mazhar ul Islām: A Study
items: The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah: A Comparative Ethical Analysis
items: Impact of Teacher Motivation on Performance and Student Achievement at Secondary Level
items: A Critical Review of Don Gibson's Views Regarding the Geographical Location of the Cave of Hira
items: Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis
items: Honor Killings in Pakistan: Patriarchy, Law, and the Struggle for Human Rights
items: Dr. Anees Nagi as a Translator
items: Assessment of Early Childhood Care and Education Program at Primary Level in District Mandi Bahauddin
items: Analyzing Subjectivity in University Students’ Spoken Discourse
items: Infāq fī Sabīlillāh An Analytical Study of Its Meaning, Scope, and Socio-Spiritual Impact in Islamic Thought
items: Khawaja Saras and A Journey of Resilience
items: Existentialism: The Perception of Human Existence

Reality vs. Simulation: A Postmodernist Analysis of the Hyperreality in Agency by Gibson
type: item
description: This research examines how Agency by Gibson depicts Baudrillard’s (1981) concept of the precession of simulacra. The research particularly investigates the gradual disappearance of reality through four stages of simulation. It employs qualitative textual analysis as its primary method and employs Baudrillard’s (1981) framework as a theoretical framework. The findings reveal that Agency mirrors Baudrillard’s four stages. The first order retains referential realism. The second distorts reality through algorithmic mediation. The third order exposes the absence of an original referent through the concept of the stub, and the fourth order achieves full hyperreality embodied in the autonomous AI, Eunice. The findings demonstrated that in the digital age, representation not only replaces but also generates reality. The research contributes to postmodern literary scholarship by confirming that Gibson’s Agency does not merely depict hyperreality, but it also performs it. These findings reinforce Baudrillard’s (1981) view that simulation has become the dominant mode of postmodern literature. Future research could further explore how contemporary digital fiction continues to enact this transition from representation to pure simulation, offering new perspectives on the ontology of the postmodern novel.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Postmodernism
  topic: keywords
subject: Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyperreality
  topic: keywords
subject: Baudrillard
  topic: keywords
subject: William Gibson
  topic: keywords
subject: Agency
  topic: keywords
creator: Raheel Anjum
creator: Dr. Shehrzad Ameena Khattak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/54

G͟hulām Aḥmad Parvēz’s Thought: An Analytical Review of Traditional Religious Practices
type: item
description: This study presents an analytical review of traditional religious practices—such as wasīlah (intercession), taʿvīẓ va dam (amulets and incantations), and ʿurs (saintly commemorations)—in the perspective of Ghulam Ahmad Parwez’s thought. Parwez, a prominent twentieth-century Qur’an-oriented reformist scholar, critically challenged ritualistic and mystical elements that, in his view, emerged from post-Qur’anic traditions and cultural influences rather than from the original Islamic message. According to Parwez, practices involving the seeking of spiritual assistance through saints, objects, or rituals undermine the Qur’anic concept of tawḥīd and human accountability, shifting focus from personal effort and Divine guidance to intermediaries and supernatural expectations. This research explores Parwez’s epistemological framework, which prioritizes the Qur’an as the sole authoritative source for belief and practice, while questioning the role of classical jurisprudence, Sufi traditions, and popular religiosity in shaping Muslim society. The study further examines his criticism of shrine culture and the commercialization of religious rituals, arguing that such practices reinforce passivity, social stagnation, and dependency on religious authorities. Through textual analysis of Parwez’s writings and contemporary scholarly evaluations, the research highlights both the strengths and limitations of his reformist approach. The findings suggest that Parwez’s critique contributes significantly to modern Islamic reform discourse by advocating rationality, socio-economic development, and direct engagement with the Qur’anic worldview. However, his dismissal of centuries-old interpretive traditions has also been viewed as reductionist by many scholars. Overall, the study offers a balanced assessment of Parwez’s perspectives and their implications for understanding traditional religious practices in contemporary Muslim contexts.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: G͟hulām Aḥmad Parvēz
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Religious Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Tawḥīd
  topic: keywords
subject: Shrine Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’an-Oriented Approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muhammad Akram
creator: Muhammad Saad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 197
ending page: 217

Discourses on Rhythm in Urdu Prose Poetry
type: item
description: The Urdu prose poem represents a critical juncture in the evolution of Urdu literary aesthetics, situated between the classical traditions of metrical poetry and the innovations of Western literary forms. Classical Urdu poetry, deeply influenced by Arabic and Persian prosody, has always regarded āhang (rhythm) as central to poetic expression, closely tied to meter, rhyme, and musicality. The introduction of the prose poem challenged these conventions, raising questions about whether poetry can exist without traditional metrics and how rhythm could be realized in a form that is primarily prosaic.Critics such as Dr. Unwan Chishti, Dr. Ibn-e-Fareed, Karamat Ali Karamat, Wazir Agha, Gopi Chand Narang, and Anis Nagi have explored this problem by distinguishing between ʿarūḍī āhang (metrical rhythm) and dākhilī or organic rhythm. While metrical rhythm depends on syllabic patterns, the internal rhythm of the prose poem emerges from semantic flow, emotional intensity, and syntactic modulation. This shift underscores the Urdu prose poem’s experimental nature: it negotiates the inherited poetic norms while striving for an independent rhythm derived from linguistic and thematic dynamics rather than prosody.The debates highlight a persistent tension: traditionalists see rhythm as inseparable from poetry, whereas modernists argue that the prose poem generates its own musicality through expression and thought. Consequently, Urdu prose poetry remains a contested yet innovative form, where rhythm is redefined and poetry is expanded beyond classical structures. Its significance lies not only in challenging the conventional notion of āhang but also in establishing a distinctive aesthetic space that bridges the continuity of Urdu literary tradition with modern experimentation.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urdu Prose Poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Debates
  topic: keywords
subject: Rhythm
  topic: keywords
subject: Wazir Agha
  topic: keywords
subject: Anis Nagi
  topic: keywords
subject: Nasir Abbas Nayyer
  topic: keywords
subject: Gopi Chand Narang
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Raza*
creator: Prof. Dr. Naseem Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 108
ending page: 117

Guidance for Educational Institutions and Members of Society Regarding Technology: In the Light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah
type: item
description: The process of education and learning remains a continuous and dynamic phenomenon throughout human life, occurring both consciously and unconsciously, and enabling individuals to acquire new competencies over time. In the contemporary era, technology particularly the widespread use of mobile phones has significantly influenced all spheres of life, playing a central role in education, healthcare, agriculture, and socio-economic development. Acknowledging these realities, both traditional religious seminaries and modern educational institutions are increasingly integrating contemporary sciences and technological knowledge into their curricula, with the objective of preparing students to effectively balance religious values with the demands of the modern world. The Qur’an and Sunnah emphasize research, inquiry, and the pursuit of beneficial knowledge, thereby underscoring the necessity of adapting pedagogical methods in accordance with changing circumstances. Within this framework, the roles of parents, teachers, and society at large become critical in guiding the younger generation toward moral discernment and fostering a constructive engagement with technology. Through such collective and coordinated efforts, it becomes possible to cultivate a generation that not only safeguards Islamic values but also excels in scientific and technical competencies, thereby contributing to societal progress, stability, and sustainable development.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pedagogical Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’an and Sunnah
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Societal Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Moral Values
  topic: keywords
creator: Naimat Ullah Khan*
creator: Najeeb Ullah Khan
creator: Junaid Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 96
ending page: 107

A Research Study on the Prophetic Characteristics (Khaṣā’iṣ al-Nabī) of Muhammad ﷺ in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
type: item
description: The characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as illuminated by the Qur’an, offer profound insights into his unparalleled role as the Seal of the Prophets and his distinct position in the divine order of messengership. While he shares several essential traits with earlier Prophets such as conveying divine revelation, embodying moral excellence, and guiding humanity toward righteousness the Qur’an distinctly emphasizes his universal mission and timeless relevance. Unlike previous messengers whose guidance was limited to specific nations or eras, the Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH) transcends boundaries of race, geography, and time, addressing the entirety of humankind. The Qur’an, his supreme and everlasting miracle, stands as the most powerful evidence of his truthfulness and divine appointment. This study explores both the shared and unique attributes of the Prophet’s personality and mission, underscoring the divine wisdom manifested through his life, character, and teachings. It further examines how these characteristics such as mercy, patience, justice, humility, and universality form the moral and spiritual foundation of Islamic civilization. By analyzing Qur’anic verses that delineate his special status and responsibilities, the research seeks to deepen the understanding of his Prophethood’s comprehensive nature. Ultimately, the study highlights how the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) exemplary character continues to serve as an enduring model for individuals and societies striving for moral perfection and divine proximity.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prophethood
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’an
  topic: keywords
subject: Khaṣā’iṣ al-Nabī
  topic: keywords
subject: Final Messenger
  topic: keywords
subject: Universality
  topic: keywords
subject: Moral Excellence
  topic: keywords
subject: Divine Revelation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Farida*
creator: Dr. Pari Gul Tareen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 87
ending page: 95

A Stylistic Analysis of Figurative Language in Contemporary English Song Lyrics: Metaphor and Symbolism in 'Demons' and 'Let It Go'
type: item
description: This paper presents a stylistic analysis of two popular English songs Demons” by Imagine Dragons and “Let It Go” by Idina Menzel focusing on their use of figurative language, particularly metaphor and symbolism. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, the study explores how figurative devices contribute to the emotional tone, thematic development, and listener engagement within the songs. The analysis reveals that “Demons” employs dark metaphors and reference imagery to dramatize themes of psychological struggle, inner conflict, and moral doubt. In contrast, “Let It Go” utilizes liberating metaphors and open symbolism to express emotional freedom, self-acceptance, and personal empowerment. By juxtaposing these two works, the study highlights how figurative language serves as a powerful tool in constructing contrasting emotional narratives and conveying complex psychological states. The comparative approach underscores the versatility of metaphor and symbolism in shaping the listener’s emotional experience and reinforcing thematic contrasts between repression and liberation. Moreover, the study emphasizes the pedagogical value of analyzing song lyrics as authentic literary texts. Incorporating such materials into English language and literature classrooms can enhance learners’ understanding of stylistic variation, pragmatic meaning, and cultural awareness. Ultimately, the research contributes to the broader field of stylistics by demonstrating how contemporary music reflects universal human emotions through artistic language, thereby bridging the gap between linguistic creativity and emotional expression in modern popular culture.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Figurative Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Stylistic Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Metaphor
  topic: keywords
subject: Symbolism
  topic: keywords
subject: Song Lyrics
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional Tone
  topic: keywords
subject: Contemporary English Music
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical Implications
  topic: keywords
subject: Pragmatic Instruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Javeria Akseer
creator: Muhammad Atif
creator: Hina Babar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 197
ending page: 207
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.02/14

Cultural Identity and Pragmatic Competence: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Punjabi and Pashto Learners of English in Pakistan
type: item
description: This study examines the influence of cultural identity on pragmatic competence among Punjabi and Pashto speakers learning English in Pakistan. It explores how learners perform speech acts such as requests, refusals, and apologies, focusing on how sociocultural norms shape their communicative strategies. Grounded in the framework of Interlanguage Pragmatics and constructivist epistemology, the study employs both Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) and semi-structured interviews to collect data from students and instructors. Through thematic analysis, distinctive pragmatic tendencies were observed. Punjabi learners exhibited a preference for directness and pragmatic efficiency, which sometimes compromised relational politeness. In contrast, Pashto learners demonstrated a tendency toward indirectness, elaborate politeness expressions, and a higher concern for maintaining social harmony and respect. These differences reflect how deeply cultural identity and social hierarchy influence communicative behavior in English as a second language context. The findings reveal that pragmatic transfer—both positive and negative—occurs frequently and is strongly rooted in learners’ cultural frameworks. The study highlights that effective English language teaching should integrate elements of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy to address such variations. It further emphasizes the need for cross-cultural awareness, pragmatic flexibility, and role-based communicative training in ELT classrooms. By bridging culture and language learning, this research contributes to a more inclusive understanding of how local identities shape global communication practices.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Interlanguage Pragmatics
  topic: keywords
subject: Speech Act
  topic: keywords
subject: Pragmatic Competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistani Learners
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Cultural Communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Atif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal
date: 2025-10-26
publication date: 2025-10-26
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/19

Selective Visibility of Western Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis of AI’s Responses on the Palestine and Ukraine Conflicts
type: item
description: This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) discerns and reproduces the patterns of selective visibility in Western media coverage of two major global conflicts: Palestine–Israel and Russia–Ukraine. The primary aim is to examine how a large language model (LLM) interprets and evaluates Western media discourse through its generated responses. Employing a qualitative textual analysis, AI-generated outputs were treated as the primary data. A purposive set of prompts was submitted to the model, and the responses were analyzed using the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The analysis was guided by four central CDA concepts: power and ideology, lexical choice and agency, silences and foregrounding, and recontextualization. The findings demonstrate that AI is capable of identifying asymmetries in Western media representation. It exposes double standards in the framing of casualties, recognizes silences surrounding occupation and blockade, yet often mirrors agent-erasing language when describing Palestinian deaths, while employing more emotive and agentive expressions for Ukrainian and Israeli victims. Furthermore, its recontextualization of narratives frames the Palestinian struggle predominantly through security discourse, whereas Ukrainian resistance is depicted as a matter of sovereignty and heroism. The study concludes that while AI can critically engage with ideological patterns in media discourse, it simultaneously reflects the biases embedded within dominant Western epistemologies. Future research could extend this inquiry to multilingual datasets, different model versions, and diverse geopolitical contexts to assess the persistence and transformation of these discursive asymmetries.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Western media, selective visibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Palestine–Israel conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Russia–Ukraine War
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
  topic: keywords
creator: Zumer Rubab*
creator: Sajad Ali
creator: Aimen Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 116
ending page: 126
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/15

The Four Stages of Anima in the Short Stories of Khālid Saeed
type: item
description: Woman represents the very essence and creative spirit of the universe an indispensable force without which existence remains incomplete. Endowed by nature with biological, emotional, and psychological attributes that mirror those of her masculine counterpart, she embodies a unique harmony of balance and contrast. Within this framework, Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious introduces the concept of the Anima the feminine image within the male psyche manifesting in four progressive stages of development. This study critically explores Khalid Saeed’s short stories through the lens of Jungian psychology, particularly the four stages of the Anima. It argues that Khalid Saeed not only internalizes his Anima but also artistically externalizes it through his female characters, each representing different aspects of feminine evolution. His fiction portrays diverse dimensions of womanhood ranging from physical beauty and romantic idealization to sensual expression, spiritual insight, and intellectual wisdom. Through textual analysis, this research highlights how Saeed’s narratives transcend traditional gender portrayals, presenting womanhood as both a mirror of male consciousness and a symbol of universal equilibrium. His stories thus serve as a metaphorical dialogue between the masculine and feminine principles, reflecting an inherent desire for psychological and creative wholeness. Ultimately, this study situates Khalid Saeed’s work within the broader discourse of gender representation in Urdu literature, illustrating how his depiction of Anima contributes to a nuanced understanding of identity, balance, and human completeness.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anima
  topic: keywords
subject: Collective Unconscious
  topic: keywords
subject: Jungian Psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: Khalid Saeed
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Representation
  topic: keywords
subject: Feminine Archetype
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu Literature
  topic: keywords
creator: Syed Fakhar Imam Shah*
creator: Dr. Wasif Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 74
ending page: 86

An Exploration of Vēda Samāj and Its Philosophical Teachings
type: item
description: The Vēda Samāj was an important religious reform movement of the 19th century. It was founded by Keśab Caṇdra Sen and Śrīdhāralu Naidu with the mission of reviving the true spirit of the Vedic tradition. The leaders of the movement believed that the original message of the Vēdas had been misunderstood and distorted over time. They argued that rituals, idol worship, the caste system, and social inequalities were later human additions, not part of the authentic Vedic teachings. Swāmī Dayānand Sarasvatī shared similar concerns. His primary objective was to return to the essence of the Vēdas, which he viewed as the ultimate source of truth, wisdom, and moral guidance. He addressed not only the spiritual needs of society but also emphasized social reform. He advocated for the removal of caste-based discrimination, the promotion of gender equality, and the expansion of education. The Vēda Samāj laid the intellectual and ideological foundation for the Ārya Samāj, which became a broader and more influential reform movement. Its legacy continues to shape modern Indian religious and social reform efforts. This assignment examines the Vēda Samāj and its philosophical teachings, highlighting its key principles and reformist agenda. It focuses on how the movement challenged long-standing traditions and contributed to a wider social awakening in India.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Vēda Samāj
  topic: keywords
subject: Keśab Caṇdra Sen
  topic: keywords
subject: Śrīdhāralu Naidu
  topic: keywords
subject: Religious Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Swāmī Dayānand Sarasvatī
  topic: keywords
subject: Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Ārya Samāj
  topic: keywords
creator: Naemah Ishtiaq Bhat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 106
ending page: 115

Welfare Strategies for New Muslims in the Prophetic Society and Their Contemporary Applications
type: item
description: Islam is a religion of peace, harmony, and brotherhood, with a strong emphasis on the welfare and betterment of humanity. During the Prophetic era, alongside the established Muslim community, special care was given to the rights, needs, and well-being of newly converted Muslims. They were supported not only through moral and spiritual guidance but also through financial assistance and social integration. Foundational agreements and initiatives such as the Charter of Madinah (Mīthāq al-Madīnah), the Brotherhood (Mu’ākhāt), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and Hilf al-Fuḍūl, as well as the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) sermons and actions, serve as key models for inclusive welfare and community building. This study critically examines the systematic measures employed by the Prophet (PBUH) to ensure the social, financial, and spiritual upliftment of new Muslims in Madinah. Strategies such as educational instruction, emotional and psychological support, economic assistance through the Bayt al-Māl, institutionalized brotherhood, and gradual cultural assimilation are analyzed. Drawing from primary sources including Hadith, Seerah literature, and early Islamic historiography the paper highlights how these welfare mechanisms created an environment of dignity, justice, and prosperity for new Muslims. In its second section, the research explores the relevance of these Prophetic welfare approaches in addressing contemporary challenges faced by new converts to Islam worldwide, such as identity crises, social isolation, and lack of institutional support. The findings suggest that adopting the welfare principles of the Prophetic society not only strengthens individual identity but also contributes to broader goals of social cohesion, human rights, and sustainable development.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prophetic Society
  topic: keywords
subject: New Muslims
  topic: keywords
subject: Welfare System
  topic: keywords
subject: Mu’ākhāt
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayt al-Māl
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Seerah
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Nazir Ahmed
creator: Dr. Nasurullah Qureshi*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 20
ending page: 29
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/12

An Analytical Study of the Interpretation of al-Kashshāf in Light of the Causes of Differences in Tafsīr
type: item
description: This study undertakes an analytical examination of the phenomenon of differences in Qur’ānic interpretation, with special reference to al-Kashshāf, the celebrated exegesis by al-Zamakhsharī. The article begins by defining disagreement in tafsīr and explaining its scholarly importance within the broader discipline of Qur’ānic studies. It highlights how even the noble Ṣaḥābah (Companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ) occasionally differed in their interpretation of certain verses, illustrating that interpretive variation has been present since the earliest generations. The study then explores the causes of these disagreements, including linguistic diversity, contextual circumstances, juristic reasoning, and methodological approaches to tafsīr. Concrete examples of ikhtilāf al-tafsīr are presented to demonstrate both the challenges and the benefits of scholarly disagreement, such as the enrichment of Qur’ānic understanding and the promotion of intellectual diversity within Islamic thought. The paper then introduces al-Zamakhsharī, the author of Tafsīr al-Kashshāf, outlining his methodology, theological inclinations, and linguistic precision. Selected examples from al-Kashshāf are analyzed to illustrate how interpretive disagreements manifest within his tafsīr, especially regarding issues of grammar, rhetoric, and theological perspectives. In conclusion, the study synthesizes the discussion by emphasizing that disagreement in tafsīr, when conducted within the boundaries of scholarly ethics, can serve as a source of intellectual richness rather than division. Finally, recommendations are offered for contemporary scholars on how to approach and benefit from differences in interpretation, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ikhtilāf al-Tafsīr
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’ānic
  topic: keywords
subject: Interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ṣaḥābah
  topic: keywords
subject: Tafsīr al-Kashshāf
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Zamakhsharī
  topic: keywords
subject: Causes of Disagreement
  topic: keywords
subject: Linguistic Diversity
  topic: keywords
creator: Zarqa Zulifqar*
creator: Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ramzan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
starting page: 30
ending page: 52
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/08

Impact of Colorism on Women's Self-Image and Opportunities
type: item
description: Colorism discrimination or prejudice based on skin tone continues to significantly influence women’s psychological well-being, social experiences, and economic opportunities. This study explores how colorism affects women’s self-perception, mental health, and access to professional advancement, focusing on women aged 18 to 50 from varied ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds across both urban and rural settings. Grounded in intersectionality theory, the research analyzes how skin tone intersects with gender, class, and race to create complex and compounded forms of marginalization. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys and in-depth interviews, the findings reveal that women with darker skin tones are more likely to experience diminished self-esteem, heightened psychological stress, and barriers to career growth due to entrenched societal preferences for lighter skin. These biases are perpetuated by media representation, institutional policies, and familial expectations, which together foster internalized colorism and hinder social mobility. The study underscores the pressing need for inclusive public policies, responsible media representation, and culturally responsive mental health support. Colorism is a system of inequality based on skin tone continues to shape the lives of women across the globe. Unlike racism, colorism operates both within and across racial and ethnic communities, favoring lighter skin and marginalizing those with darker complexions. This research investigates how colorism influences women’s self-perception, mental health, and professional opportunities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study draws from current literature and primary survey data from 300 women across urban and rural regions. Results reveal that darker-skinned women consistently report lower self-esteem, higher incidences of workplace discrimination, and limited career mobility. The findings call for targeted interventions in media, education, and corporate …
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Colorism
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Image
  topic: keywords
subject: Opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Skin Tone
  topic: keywords
subject: Racial
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Memoona Saeed Lodhi*
creator: Sabeen Yaqoob
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 93
ending page: 105
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/11

An Analysis of the Critiques of Sufi Doctrines of Sainthood (Walāyah), Miracles (Karāmāt), and the Concept of the Spiritual Master (Shaykh)
type: item
description: The doctrines of walāyah (sainthood), karāmāt (miracles of the saints), and the concept of the shaykh (spiritual master) occupy a central position in Sufi thought and practice. These concepts articulate the spiritual authority of saints, their reception of extraordinary divine gifts, and the pivotal role of the shaykh in mentoring and guiding disciples along the mystical path (ṭarīqah). Historically, such notions have played a vital role in enriching Islamic spirituality, providing adherents with models of piety, discipline, and devotion that transcend the limits of purely legalistic religiosity. They also offered a framework for spiritual pedagogy, communal cohesion, and experiential proximity to the Divine. However, these doctrines have not remained uncontested. Opponents of Sufism particularly within more legalistic and orthodox circles have raised critical concerns regarding the elevation of saints to quasi-sacred status, arguing that excessive veneration risks obscuring tawḥīd (Divine Unity) and creating practices without firm grounding in the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The theological critique often centers on the boundaries between legitimate reverence and potential exaggeration (ghulūw), especially when miracles or intercessionary roles are attributed to the saints. This study undertakes a critical examination of these debates by situating the doctrines of walāyah, karāmāt, and the shaykh within their historical and intellectual contexts. Drawing upon classical Sufi writings as well as critiques from orthodox scholars, it explores the intellectual tensions between mystical spirituality and theological orthodoxy. The findings underscore the dual role of these doctrines as both enriching Islamic spirituality and provoking enduring debates about the limits of human sanctity and religious innovation.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sufism
  topic: keywords
subject: Walāyah
  topic: keywords
subject: Karāmāt
  topic: keywords
subject: Shaykh
  topic: keywords
subject: Sainthood
  topic: keywords
subject: Miracles
  topic: keywords
subject: Tarīqah
  topic: keywords
subject: Tawḥīd
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Mysticism
  topic: keywords
subject: Orthodoxy
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muhammad Akram*
creator: Muhammad Saad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 53
ending page: 73

A Labovian Analysis of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014)
type: item
description: This research extends Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model beyond its traditional application to oral and literary narratives by examining its relevance to biographical texts. The research analyzes Ben Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014), a biography focused on Cold War double agent Kim Philby. Labov’s (1972) model identifies six key schemas in a fully developed narrative: abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution, and coda. However, these schemas have not previously been applied to biographies. This research investigates the application of Labov’s (1972) framework to biographical genre and offers new insights into biographical narrative structure. Using a qualitative approach, Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model is employed as the primary analytical framework. The findings of the research revealed that the narrative structure of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014) conforms to the six schemas identified by Labov (1972). This indicates that the model is not only relevant but also valuable for the analysis of biographical text. The research suggests that the model’s application can be extended to other non-fiction genres, such as memoirs and autobiographies, thereby broadening its utility in narrative analysis. Furthermore, this research highlights the significance of the abstract and coda in non-fiction narratives and calls for additional comparative studies across different media, including film and television.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Narrative Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Labov’s Narrative Schemas Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Biographical Narrative
  topic: keywords
subject: Narratology
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Narrative
  topic: keywords
subject: A Spy Among Friends
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Zubair*
creator: Maryam Javed
creator: Maria Abdul Wahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 79
ending page: 92
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/09

The Scholarly Methodology in Refuting Doubts and Suspensions Of Qādiyānī on the Finality of Prophethood
type: item
description: The doctrine of the Finality of Prophethood stands as a cornerstone of Islamic faith, affirming the completion and perfection of divine revelation with the mission of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Any claim to subsequent prophethood is viewed as a direct challenge to the very foundation of Islamic theology. The Qādiyānī movement, however, has attempted to reinterpret this doctrine through selective linguistic manipulation and theological distortion, presenting the notion of non-legislative prophethood as compatible with Islamic belief. This article critically examines such claims, analyzing the methods by which Qādiyānī arguments seek to exploit ambiguities in scriptural language while disregarding the broader context of Qur’ānic and Prophetic teachings. The study further highlights the scholarly methodologies employed in refuting these arguments, drawing upon Qur’ānic injunctions, authentic Prophetic traditions, rational proofs, and the unanimous consensus of the early Muslim generations. It underscores the intellectual and institutional efforts of Muslim scholars across centuries in safeguarding the integrity of Khatm al-Nubuwwah. The findings affirm that Qādiyānī claims are not only theologically untenable but also historically inconsistent with the established trajectory of Islamic thought. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the necessity of continued scholarly vigilance in addressing such distortions to preserve the authenticity of Islamic doctrine.
subject: Arabic Article
  topic: section
subject: Finality of Prophethood
  topic: keywords
subject: Qadianism
  topic: keywords
subject: Ahmadiyya
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Theology
  topic: keywords
subject: Scholarly Refutations
  topic: keywords
subject: Misinterpretation of Texts
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Abdur Rahman Khalil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 01
ending page: 11
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/10

Pedagogical Principles in the Light of Islam and Modern Education: A Comparative Study
type: item
description: Education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals as well as societies. In the Islamic tradition, education is deeply rooted in the Qur’ān and Sunnah, emphasizing holistic growth that integrates moral refinement, intellectual development, and the pursuit of knowledge as an act of devotion to Allah. Islamic pedagogy prioritizes the nurturing of character (tarbiyah), ethical responsibility, and the alignment of learning with spiritual and communal well-being. In contrast, modern education has largely been shaped by secular pedagogical theories, particularly constructivism, behaviorism, and cognitivism, which emphasize student-centered learning, critical thinking, technological integration, and skill acquisition to meet contemporary socio-economic needs. While modern approaches often prioritize efficiency, innovation, and measurable outcomes, Islamic education underscores the inseparability of knowledge and values, seeking to harmonize worldly progress with spiritual accountability. This study undertakes a comparative examination of key pedagogical concepts in both Islamic and modern education, identifying points of convergence and divergence. It argues that while the two paradigms differ in orientation spiritual versus secular, they share common concerns for intellectual growth, social responsibility, and the cultivation of human potential. The research further explores the possibility of synthesizing these frameworks into a balanced educational model that upholds Islamic ethical principles while embracing modern advancements in pedagogy. Such integration, it is suggested, could contribute to the formation of a transformative educational system that is both spiritually grounded and responsive to contemporary challenges.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Islamic Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’ān and Sunnah
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Moral Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Constructivism
  topic: keywords
subject: Behaviorism
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Theories
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Tariq Mehmood
creator: Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Siddique
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 181
ending page: 196
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.02/10

The Social System of Islam in the Light of the Teachings of the Prophet (ﷺ)
type: item
description: The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ brought an end to the linguistic, racial, and class-based hierarchies that dominated pre-Islamic society and laid the foundation for a model Islamic civilization rooted in the principles of equality, justice, tolerance, and respect for all humankind. Through pragmatic and far-reaching initiatives such as the Mīthāq al-Madīnah (Constitution of Medina), the Muʾākhāt al-Madīnah (Brotherhood of Medina), and the Ḥilf al-Fuḍūl (Pact of the Virtuous), he fostered an unprecedented sense of equality, social harmony, and communal unity. In addition, transformative moments such as the Fatḥ Makkah (Conquest of Mecca) and the Khuṭbat al-Wadāʿ (Farewell Sermon) reinforced revolutionary concepts of human equality, the sanctity of life and property, and the recognition of the rights of women, orphans, and slaves. These teachings not only dismantled oppressive structures but also redefined social relations by ensuring dignity and justice for every individual regardless of lineage, ethnicity, or class. This paper examines the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings within their historical framework while emphasizing their enduring relevance in contemporary times. It argues that the Prophetic model offers timeless guidance for addressing modern socio-cultural challenges, particularly in establishing a welfare-oriented society grounded in balance, righteousness, and inclusivity. By analyzing these initiatives through a modern lens, the study highlights how the Prophetic legacy can inspire the development of equitable social systems in today’s globalized world.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social System
  topic: keywords
subject: Equality
  topic: keywords
subject: Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Harmony
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights of Women and Slaves
  topic: keywords
creator: Haq Nawaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 183
ending page: 197

Hallucinatory Realism in the Short Stories of Mazhar ul Islām: A Study
type: item
description: Mazhar ul Islām is a remarkable figure in contemporary Urdū afsāna (short story writing) who departs from conventional modes of storytelling and embraces innovative, experimental narrative techniques. His afsānay frequently move beyond linear plots, instead weaving together fragmented realities, dreamlike imagery, and profound symbolic layers. Among the most distinctive features of his fiction is the employment of Hallucinatory Realism a postmodern narrative strategy that fuses ḥaqīqat (reality), khwāb (dream), and takhayyul (imagination) into a unified aesthetic and intellectual experience. This study aims to explore, identify, and critically analyze the elements of Hallucinatory Realism in Mazhar ul Islām’s afsānay. Through close textual readings, the research highlights his creative use of imagery, metaphor, and symbolism, showing how his stories dissolve the boundaries between the external world and the inner psyche. His fiction reflects a constant negotiation between the visible and the invisible, the real and the surreal, thereby constructing a unique imaginative landscape. Furthermore, the study situates Mazhar ul Islām within the broader discourse of postmodernism, illustrating how his experimental techniques resonate with global literary trends while simultaneously preserving the cultural, aesthetic, and linguistic distinctiveness of Urdū adab (literature). In doing so, his writings enrich the expressive potential of Urdū afsāna, demonstrating how postmodern narrative strategies can be localized and reshaped to produce original forms of storytelling. By integrating Hallucinatory Realism, Mazhar ul Islām not only broadens the stylistic scope of Urdū fiction but also offers readers new dimensions of perception, meaning, and artistic experience.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mazhar ul Islām
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdū Afsāna
  topic: keywords
subject: Hallucinatory Realism
  topic: keywords
subject: Postmodernism
  topic: keywords
subject: Narrative Technique
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdū Adab
  topic: keywords
creator: Anila Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-24
publication date: 2025-08-24
starting page: 13
ending page: 19

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah: A Comparative Ethical Analysis
type: item
description: Stephen R. Covey’s influential work, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, presents a framework grounded in universal principles of effectiveness, including responsibility, vision, prioritization, mutual benefit, empathetic communication, creative cooperation, and continuous self-renewal. While Covey’s model is formulated from a secular and managerial perspective, this paper explores the striking parallels between these habits and the ethical-spiritual foundations of Islam. By critically analyzing each habit in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, the study highlights how Islamic teachings not only align with but also provide a deeper moral and spiritual dimension to Covey’s principles. For instance, the Qur’anic concept of accountability before Allah strengthens the idea of personal responsibility, while the Prophetic model of shūrā (consultation) enriches the principle of cooperative synergy. Similarly, the prioritization of faith and values over worldly pursuits reflects a more holistic understanding of “putting first things first.” Through this comparative approach, the paper demonstrates that the Islamic worldview presents a comprehensive paradigm of effectiveness, where personal growth is inseparable from spiritual consciousness, social responsibility, and ethical conduct. The study concludes that integrating Covey’s habits with Qur’anic and Prophetic guidance offers a balanced framework that combines modern productivity strategies with timeless Islamic principles, thus fostering both individual excellence and collective well-being.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’an
  topic: keywords
subject: Sunnah
  topic: keywords
subject: Stephen Covey
  topic: keywords
subject: Seven Habits
  topic: keywords
subject: Prophetic Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Spiritual Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Tazkiyah
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Ethics
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Nawaz*
creator: Huma Latif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-23
publication date: 2025-08-23
starting page: 70
ending page: 78

Impact of Teacher Motivation on Performance and Student Achievement at Secondary Level
type: item
description: The study investigates teachers’ motivational factors related to job performance and their impact on students’ achievement at the secondary level. The objectives of the study were: to identify the key motivational factors influencing teachers’ job performance; to analyze the relationship between teachers’ motivation and their job performance; to determine students’ achievement at the secondary level; and to find out the effect of teachers’ job performance on students’ academic achievement at secondary schools. This research employed a quantitative design to examine the motivational factors affecting teachers’ job performance and their influence on students’ academic success at the secondary level. A sample of 300 teachers was selected for this study from both public and private schools. The questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale to collect data on teachers’ motivational factors and job performance. The reliability of the instrument was tested using Cronbach's Alpha, which showed a value of 0.845, indicating high internal consistency and confirming the instrument's reliability. Means, standard deviations, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and independent samples t-test were used for analysis. A strong positive correlation was observed between job performance and student achievement. These results suggest that enhancing teacher motivation may lead to better classroom outcomes and student success. The study underscores the importance of supportive work environments and targeted professional development in educational planning.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Job Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Achievement
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary Level
  topic: keywords
creator: Faiza Shahzadi*
creator: Muhammad Faisal Farid
creator: Sabeen Qamar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-22
publication date: 2025-08-22
starting page: 56
ending page: 69
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/05

A Critical Review of Don Gibson's Views Regarding the Geographical Location of the Cave of Hira
type: item
description: This paper offers a critical examination of Dan Gibson’s controversial theory concerning the geographical location of the Cave of Hira. Gibson, a Canadian orientalist, argues that the original sacred city of Islam was Petra rather than Mecca, thereby attempting to relocate significant Islamic sites including the Cave of Hira to Petra. His claims rely heavily on selective readings of early Islamic texts and perceived geographical inconsistencies within traditional narratives. Central to his argument is the assertion that the Cave of Hira must face the Kaaba and contain pagan carvings, which he interprets as evidence of its Petra-based location. This study demonstrates that such interpretations stem from a misreading of Seerah literature and Hadith traditions, reflecting both linguistic inaccuracies and a lack of contextual understanding. Moreover, the identification of a cave in Petra as the Cave of Hira is shown to be logically and theologically problematic, particularly given its association with idolatrous imagery elements fundamentally opposed to the prophetic mission of Muhammad (peace be upon him). By analyzing Gibson’s methodology and contrasting it with established Islamic scholarship, the paper argues that his theory is speculative, devoid of credible archaeological or textual support, and ultimately misrepresents Islamic sources. The review concludes that Gibson’s approach undermines academic reliability and fails to provide a convincing alternative to the traditional understanding of Mecca as the historical and spiritual center of Islam.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Cave of Hira
  topic: keywords
subject: Dan Gibson
  topic: keywords
subject: Petra Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Mecca
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Sacred Geography
  topic: keywords
subject: Seerah
  topic: keywords
subject: , Hadith Misinterpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: Orientalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical Revisionism
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisar Ahmad*
creator: Dr. Javed Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 50
ending page: 55

Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: The current research entitled "Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis" is timely as higher education increasingly emphasizes digital learning. Research from 2001 to 2024 has established clear targets and collected massive amounts of data to improve the analysis. The current study has four comprehensive and concise research objectives. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric mapping of postsecondary digital learning trends utilizing Dimensions.com's 2,740 articles, 1,227 of which were analyzed. This study analyses well-known authors and their most cited works, publishing and citation patterns, prominent sources, and contributors to digital learning research. The analysis identifies productive countries, authors, and organizations, analyses co-authorship, and measures publication connections with similar terms. Excel was used to analyze yearly publishing trends, and VOS viewer for bibliometrics. The most quoted work of American author Ruiz was found in 2006 through a study. The data shows a rising trend in publishing frequency and citation patterns, especially after 2015, when 33 publications were published and 253 in 2022. This tendency may be due to worldwide technology improvement and the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased online learning. The study also lists productive authors, nations, and journals advancing digital learning. This bibliometric mapping provides a foundational knowledge base of the tertiary level landscape of digital learning research, which will inform future research and educate researchers, educators, and policymakers about the key actors and changing patterns of this field. The findings emphasize the need for digital learning research and collaboration to improve higher education teaching and learning.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Digital Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Trends
  topic: keywords
subject: Tertiary Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Syeda Sara Batool
creator: Dr. Muhammad Qasim Ali*
creator: Shiza
creator: Dr. Lili Nurlaili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-13
publication date: 2025-08-13
starting page: 36
ending page: 49
doi: 10.63283//IRJ.03.03/04

Honor Killings in Pakistan: Patriarchy, Law, and the Struggle for Human Rights
type: item
description: Honor killing remains a pervasive issue in Pakistan, primarily rooted in patriarchal norms and cultural traditions that place a disproportionate emphasis on family honor, particularly linked to women’s behavior. This study investigates the socio-cultural, legal, and religious factors contributing to the persistence of honor killings, exploring their frequency, impact, and the complex challenges surrounding their prevention. Despite the enactment of The Anti-Honour Killing Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment Act of 2016), implementation remains inconsistent, largely due to the dominance of customary practices over statutory law. The research highlights how gender inequality, tribal codes, and misinterpretations of religious teachings perpetuate this form of violence. Victims and their families often endure profound emotional trauma, social isolation, and systemic injustice. This study provides a critical review of current legal frameworks and identifies gaps in enforcement, while also offering recommendations for more effective policy implementation. These include strengthening law enforcement mechanisms, promoting legal literacy, and fostering societal awareness to challenge the cultural acceptance of honor-based violence. Furthermore, the paper calls for community-based interventions, educational initiatives, and religious discourse reform to dismantle the ideological foundations of honor killing. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the national and global discourse on human rights by advocating for a multifaceted approach to eradicating honor killings in Pakistan.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Honor Killing
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribal Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Religious Misinterpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-Honour Killing Law 2016
  topic: keywords
subject: Patriarchy
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Norms
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: M. Khobaib Ahmed*
creator: Dr. Tansif Ur Rehman
creator: Muhammad Ammar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-20
publication date: 2025-07-20
starting page: 27
ending page: 35
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/03

Dr. Anees Nagi as a Translator
type: item
description: This study critically examines Dr. Anis Nagi’s contributions to Urdu translation, positioning him not merely as a linguistic mediator but as an intellectual and cultural facilitator. Nagi’s translations of seminal Western literary works such as those by Franz Kafka, Boris Pasternak, and others played a transformative role in exposing Urdu readership to diverse intellectual, philosophical, and literary traditions. His work significantly enriched Urdu literature by introducing new stylistic, thematic, and linguistic dimensions. The research explores Nagi’s translation methodology, focusing on his creative fidelity, cultural sensitivity, and theoretical orientation. Rather than adhering strictly to literal translation, Nagi adopted a nuanced and interpretive approach that preserved the essence of the original texts while making them accessible and resonant within the Urdu literary context. His translations exemplify a dynamic interplay between source and target cultures, demonstrating his deep understanding of both linguistic structures and cultural frameworks. The study also investigates Nagi’s influence on Urdu literary criticism, vocabulary expansion, and ideological discourse, emphasizing how his work contributed to the evolution of modern Urdu thought. By comparing his practices with those of his contemporaries, the research highlights Nagi’s unique role in redefining translation as a creative and intellectual enterprise rather than a mechanical transfer of language. Ultimately, this study positions Anis Nagi as a pioneer who expanded the scope of Urdu translation, integrating global literary currents into local contexts and reshaping the understanding of translation as a culturally embedded, literary activity.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anis Nagi
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Literary Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Creative Fidelity
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Cultural Dialogue
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu Literary Criticism
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual Exchange
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Sadia Javed*
creator: Professor Dr. Muhammad Kamran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 166
ending page: 182

Assessment of Early Childhood Care and Education Program at Primary Level in District Mandi Bahauddin
type: item
description: This study investigates the effectiveness of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) programs in fostering holistic development among young children. The primary objectives were to explore teachers’ perceptions regarding the efficacy of ECCE initiatives, identify challenges faced during implementation, evaluate their impact on student enrollment, and propose actionable recommendations for program enhancement. Guided by a positivist paradigm, the research employed a quantitative, descriptive design. The population comprised 170 primary-level schools equipped with ECCE classrooms in District Mandi Bahauddin, covering the three Tehsils: Malikwal, Mandi Bahauddin, and Phalia. Using a convenience sampling technique, 118 schools were selected, with the sample size determined via an online calculator at a 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. Data were collected through structured surveys and analyzed using SPSS. Results indicated a notable increase in student enrollment and engagement in ECCE programs, largely attributed to the presence of safe, welcoming, and stimulating classroom environments. Nevertheless, several critical barriers were identified, including inadequate funding, a shortage of trained educators, and low parental involvement. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving teacher training initiatives, strengthening collaboration between schools and families, and ensuring consistent access to quality educational materials and infrastructure. These measures are essential for enhancing the overall impact and sustainability of ECCE programs.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Early Childhood Care and Education,
  topic: keywords
subject: ECCE Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Enrollment
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher Perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Program Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Parental Involvement
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Mandi Bahauddin
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantitative Research
  topic: keywords
creator: Muzammel shahzad
creator: Iqra Shahzadi
creator: Iqra Bibi*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 168
ending page: 180

Analyzing Subjectivity in University Students’ Spoken Discourse
type: item
description: Subjectivity, defined as the presence of personal bias or emotional inclination, often undermines the objectivity required in academic settings. While extensive research has examined subjectivity in written communication, the subjective nature of oral discourse among university students remains an underexplored area. This study investigates the manifestations of subjectivity in the oral discourse of university students through textual analysis of interview data. Grounded in Émile Benveniste’s theory of subjectivity which posits that language is inherently shaped by the speaker’s perspective this research also adopts Alan McKee’s framework for textual analysis to identify linguistic markers of subjectivity. The analysis reveals a prevalent use of self-referential pronouns, emotionally charged vocabulary, and personalized expressions, indicating a consistent pattern of subjective language in students’ spoken interactions. These findings suggest that oral discourse in academic environments is often compromised by personal biases, potentially limiting critical engagement and scholarly rigor. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions in higher education curricula to enhance students’ oral communication skills, particularly by promoting objective discourse practices. Integrating structured training in rhetoric and critical speaking may help cultivate a more balanced and analytical academic culture. Moreover, this research paves the way for future studies to explore the impact of pedagogical strategies on reducing subjectivity in academic speech across various disciplines. Such inquiries may offer deeper insights into how students' spoken communication can be refined to meet the intellectual standards of higher education.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Subjectivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: University Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Emile Benveniste
  topic: keywords
subject: Textual Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Linguistic Bias
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Communication Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Objective Speech
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Sadia Siddiq*
creator: Saman Habib
creator: Naseeba Nasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-20
publication date: 2025-07-20
starting page: 18
ending page: 26
doi: 10.63283//IRJ.03.03/02

Infāq fī Sabīlillāh An Analytical Study of Its Meaning, Scope, and Socio-Spiritual Impact in Islamic Thought
type: item
description: The term Infāq fī Sabīlillāh, a deeply rooted concept in Islamic theology, literally means “spending in the way of Allah.” Derived from the Arabic root nafaqa, it conveys the act of disbursing or expending wealth or resources. In the Islamic juristic and spiritual framework, Infāq fī Sabīlillāh encompasses both voluntary and obligatory acts of giving whether of wealth, time, or effort solely for the purpose of seeking divine pleasure. This concept is especially significant in contexts such as charitable relief, propagation of Islamic teachings, and the establishment of social justice. This study aims to investigate the dual dimensions of Infāq fī Sabīlillāh: its linguistic origins and its broader terminological and theological significance in Islamic scholarship. It further explores closely related terms such as Ṣadaqah, Zakāt, Khairāt, Iḥsān, and ʿAṭāʾ, elucidating their subtle distinctions and diverse applications across classical and contemporary Islamic discourse. By examining Qur’anic verses, Prophetic traditions, and scholarly interpretations, the paper highlights the ethical, spiritual, and socioeconomic functions of altruistic giving in Islam. It also emphasizes how the practice of Infāq fī Sabīlillāh serves as a vehicle for personal purification (tazkiyah), societal equity, and communal solidarity. In doing so, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of Islamic economic ethics and the transformative role of charity in nurturing compassion, reducing inequality, and promoting justice within Muslim societies. Ultimately, Infāq fī Sabīlillāh emerges as a foundational principle in the Qur’anic vision of a morally upright and socially responsible community.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Infāq fī Sabīlillāh
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Charity
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Sadaqah
  topic: keywords
subject: Zakāt
  topic: keywords
subject: Altruism
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Philanthropy
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’an and Hadith
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Economic System
  topic: keywords
creator: Nazia Kousar Naseer*
creator: Dr. Taj Udeen Azhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-11
publication date: 2025-07-11
starting page: 01
ending page: 12
doi: 10.63283/IRJ.03.03/01

Khawaja Saras and A Journey of Resilience
type: item
description: The transgender community in Pakistan, commonly referred to as Khawaja Sara, has only recently begun to gain visibility following legal recognition. Despite constitutional protections, they remain among the most marginalized and socially excluded groups in the country. This study aims to explore the lived experiences, social struggles, and contributions of Khawaja Sara individuals who are actively working as professionals and social activists. It investigates the structural barriers and deeply rooted cultural stigmas that continue to hinder their social acceptance and upward mobility. Using a qualitative research design, this study gathered data through semi-structured interviews with members of the Khawaja Sara community engaged in various sectors. Thematic analysis of the data revealed a range of challenges faced by participants, including discrimination, familial rejection, limited access to education and employment, and social invisibility. Yet, the study also identified significant resilience, coping strategies, and personal motivation that have enabled many Khawaja Sara individuals to redefine their identities and roles in society. The findings highlight how community support, access to education, legal reforms, and personal empowerment initiatives can contribute to the social inclusion and empowerment of Khawaja Sara individuals. This research offers important insights for policymakers, educators, and human rights advocates, calling for the development of inclusive policies, awareness campaigns, and targeted support systems. Ultimately, the study underscores the need to view Khawaja Sara not merely as a vulnerable group, but as active agents of change in the pursuit of a more inclusive and equitable society.
subject: English Article
  topic: section
subject: Khawaja Sara
  topic: keywords
subject: Transgender Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
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subject: Human Rights
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subject: Marginalization
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creator: Momina Aamir
creator: Dr. Madiha Nadeem*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-12
publication date: 2025-07-12
starting page: 01
ending page: 17

Existentialism: The Perception of Human Existence
type: item
description: The human being is the central axis of the universe, carrying within himself the purpose, responsibility, and relationships that give meaning to worldly existence. Man not only strives for his survival but also embodies moral, social, and spiritual duties that shape his life. Created by Allah as the most honored of all beings, human existence is elevated in status, and it is through self-realization that one may truly come to know the Creator. The question of existence, therefore, holds a significant place in both philosophical and theological discourse. From ancient philosophers to modern thinkers, the concept of existence has remained a critical topic, ultimately giving rise to the philosophical movement known as Existentialism. The 20th century, marked by scientific advancements, world wars, and rapid societal transformation, saw a heightened interest in this school of thought. As rationalism dominated the intellectual landscape, existentialism emerged both in response to and in resistance against it focusing instead on individual freedom, choice, alienation, and the search for meaning. This paper explores the core concepts of existentialism, its historical development, and its philosophical foundations. Furthermore, it highlights how existentialist ideas permeated literature, influencing themes, characters, and narrative structures. The study underscores the relevance of existentialism in understanding the human condition and its deep resonance in both modern and postmodern literary works. By linking the existential quest with spiritual and philosophical inquiry, the paper offers insights into how human beings grapple with meaning in a complex, often contradictory world.
subject: Urdu Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human Existence
  topic: keywords
subject: Existentialism
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subject: Self-Realization
  topic: keywords
subject: Philosophy of Existence
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subject: Modern Literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Individual Freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: Alienation
  topic: keywords
subject: Meaning of Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Rationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: 20th Century Thought
  topic: keywords
subject: Spiritual Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Perspective on Man
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hina Asghar*
creator: Dr. Muhammad Kamran Shahzad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 153
ending page: 165