AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
The Feminine Critical Tradition in Urdu and Saadat Hasan Manto: An Analytical Study
Saadat Hasan Manto remains a cornerstone of Urdu literature, yet his work has historically been a battlefield of moral and aesthetic controversies. This research article, titled "The Feminine Critical Tradition and Saadat Hasan Manto an Analytical Study," explores the profound role of female critics and writers in deciphering, defending, and re-evaluating Manto’s literary legacy. While Manto was often marginalized by contemporary male critics under the guise of obscenity and negativity, the feminine critical tradition provided a more nuanced and objective lens to understand his art. The study examines the contributions of various female intellectuals ranging from the intimate reflections of Ismat Chughtai and the scholarly comparative analysis of Mumtaz Shirin to the modern socio-historical and stylistic perspectives of Ayesha Jalal, Tahira Iqbal, and others. The research highlights how these writers transcended superficial moral judgments to uncover the psychological depth, gender consciousness, and humanistic fervor in Manto’s narratives. It particularly focuses on Manto’s portrayal of women moving beyond the patriarchal stereotypes of the era and his role as an unwavering historical witness to the trauma of the 1947 Partition. By analyzing Manto’s stylistic evolution and his thematic boldness through a feminine prism, this article concludes that the female perspective has been instrumental in reclaiming Manto’s status as a universal humanist. The findings suggest that Manto’s literary survival and his continued relevance in contemporary discourse are deeply indebted to the intellectual rigor and empathetic understanding provided by the feminine critical tradition in Urdu literature.
The Intersection of Psychosocial Development and Gender Identity through the Lens of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah
The contemporary world is experiencing rapid social, cultural, and intellectual transformations that have significantly influenced human perceptions, values, and lifestyles. Over the past several centuries, changing social norms have reshaped discussions surrounding identity, gender, and human relationships. While some societies, cultures, and belief systems have embraced these developments, others continue to evaluate them through their religious, moral, and cultural frameworks. In such matters, a balanced understanding requires careful consideration of empirical evidence, social realities, religious teachings, and the potential consequences for individuals and society. Among the issues receiving considerable global attention is LGBTQI identity and its implications for contemporary social life. The research aims to provide readers with a clear understanding of the concepts associated with LGBTQI discourse and the debates surrounding them. Particular attention is given to the religious and social dimensions of gender identity, especially in cases where self-perceived gender differs from biological sex, excluding medically recognized intersex conditions. The study analyzes the potential social and ethical implications of gender self-identification from an Islamic perspective and discusses concerns regarding its impact on family structures, social values, and future generations. Furthermore, the paper highlights the rights and status of intersex individuals within Islamic teachings and presents recommendations for ensuring their dignity and legitimate rights. It also proposes educational and social measures aimed at increasing public awareness, guiding younger generations, and strengthening Islamic moral values to promote social well-being and cohesion within Muslim societies.
Analyzing Historical Misrepresentations in Shaikh ‘Ali al-Ṭanṭāwī’s Aḥmad bin ‘Irfān al-Shahīd
This paper critically examines the historical narrative presented by the renowned Islamic scholar Shaikh Ali al-Tantawi in his book Aḥmad bin ‘Irfān al-Shahīd regarding the armed movement of Syed Ahmad Shahid Barelvi against the Sikh rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in northwestern India. The study aims to identify and evaluate historical inaccuracies in al-Tantawi’s account through a comparative analysis of primary and secondary historical sources related to this important episode of South Asian Islamic history. Ali al-Ṭanṭāwī portrays Syed Ahmad as a leader who largely avoided conflict with Muslim Pashtun tribes and achieved significant military victories against the Sikh forces. However, a careful examination of contemporary records and authoritative historical works reveals a different picture. The evidence indicates that Syed Ahmad’s movement remained engaged in prolonged conflicts with various Pashtun tribes for nearly five years, largely due to political, social, and religious disagreements. Furthermore, contrary to claims of major victories over the Sikh military, Syed Ahmad’s forces were generally unable to defeat the regular Sikh army in decisive engagements or establish lasting control over major cities and fortresses. The temporary occupation of Muzaffarabad stands as a limited exception and did not result in sustained territorial authority. The paper also highlights al-Tantawi’s failure to adequately investigate the reasons behind the opposition of many Pashtuns Muslims to Syed Ahmad’s movement. By reassessing these issues, the study contributes to a more balanced and historically grounded understanding of Syed Ahmad Shahid’s struggle and its complex regional dynamics.
Rewriting East-West Encounters in Daughter of the East
This study examines the representation of East–West encounters in Benazir Bhutto’s memoir Daughter of the East and highlights her commitment to equality, democracy, and global justice. The research analyzes the geopolitical and cultural insights presented in the memoir within the framework of postcolonial theory, particularly drawing upon the ideas of David Huddart and Chandra Talpade Mohanty. Huddart’s discussions of autobiographical postcolonialism and Mohanty’s critique of Western feminist discourse provide the theoretical basis for evaluating Bhutto’s challenge to dominant Western narratives and her call for mutual respect, equality, and autonomy in international relations. The study explores how Daughter of the East reflects Bhutto’s perspective on global politics, gender relations, and democratic ideals within a postcolonial context. It particularly focuses on how Bhutto, as a South Asian Muslim woman leader, reconfigures prevailing discourses on power and identity. The research argues that the memoir contests Western hegemonic assumptions that often marginalize non-Western intellectual and political voices. Using a qualitative and analytical methodology, the study demonstrates that Bhutto’s narrative promotes intercultural understanding and advocates a more balanced global order grounded in justice and equality. The findings reveal her resistance to political and cultural domination and emphasize the significance of non-Western perspectives in reshaping contemporary political and feminist discourse. Ultimately, this study contributes to postcolonial feminist scholarship by foregrounding the role of marginalized voices in redefining global narratives.
The Election of the Caliphate and the Theological Style of Sīrah Writing: A Critical Review of Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadha al-‘Amili’s “Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam”
This article presents a critical study of the theological and historiographical methodology employed by Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadha al-‘Amili in his renowned work Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam ﷺ, with particular focus on the issue of the election of the Caliphate (Intikhab-e-Khilafat) and its treatment within prophetic biography (Sīrah writing). The study explores how the author integrates theological discourse (Kalām) into historical narration and examines the extent to which doctrinal commitments influence his analysis of early Islamic political events. The article critically evaluates al-‘Amili’s interpretive approach toward the events surrounding the succession to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, especially his discussion of the incidents of Saqifah, Ghadir Khumm, and the role of the Companions. It further investigates his reliance on historical reports, principles of source criticism, and argumentative style in comparison with classical Sunni and Shi‘a historiographical tradition. By analyzing selected passages from Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A‘zam ﷺ, the study highlights the author’s tendency to employ a polemical and theological framework while reconstructing historical narratives. The research also discusses the broader impact of sectarian perspectives on Sīrah literature and assesses whether theological presuppositions strengthen or compromise historical objectivity. Using analytical and comparative methods, the article aims to contribute to contemporary academic discussions on Islamic historiography, Sīrah studies, and the relationship between theology and history in Muslim intellectual tradition.
Identity Reconstruction Struggles and Gender Dynamics of Couples Living with Involuntary Childlessness
This qualitative study used interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore involuntarily childless couples lived experiences of identity negotiation, meaning-making processes, and gendered expectations in the pro-natalist sociocultural context of Pakistan. In-depth interviews were completed, utilizing nine married couples, sampled purposefully from a variety of socio-economic backgrounds within urban & semi-urban areas of Lahore. Four emerged themes revealed the involuntary childlessness as construction of identities through meaning-making", demonstrates the ways the study's participants utilized their faith related belief systems, which helped reorganize the meanings associated with being childless into divine tests, opportunities for spiritual development, and manifestations of a loving God preparing them to cope with stressors associated with the world. Moreover, study participants had contradictory self-perceptions (as incomplete yet satisfied) as these perceptions were the result of strong negotiation processes between their internalized pro-natalist and subjective well-being values rather than adopting passive behaviors related to social customs. The secondary theme reinforced the use of compensatory relational strategies; for example, individuals who perform caretaking roles use this role for identity fulfillment. The third theme supported the notion that some couples have conflicting marital patterns, i.e., some couples express a strong dyadic integration, and others expressed their relationships in a deteriorative manner; especially reported by couples whose family systems do not provide sufficient support. The fourth theme highlighted significant gender differences; wives experience childlessness as an ontological degradation of their feminine identity, while men enjoy social privilege and assume gatekeeping function regarding matters associated with reproduction. The findings suggest that involuntary childlessness in Pakistan is a culturally embedded, relationally interceded, and significantly gendered phenomenon that challenges the Westernized, individualistic ideas of parenthood, where identity, and family status are achieved through relationships with spouse and interaction with family, society and religion.
Commonalities in the Teachings of Islam and Sikhism: A Research-Based Study in the Light of the Sīrah
Sikhism and Islam, though emerging from distinct historical and cultural contexts, share a number of fundamental spiritual and ethical principles. This study explores their commonalities, with particular emphasis on the concept of the oneness of God, human equality, service to humanity, modes of worship, and core moral values. Both traditions affirm belief in a single, all-encompassing Divine reality Allah in Islam and Vāhigurū or Ik Oaṅkār in Sikhism. Furthermore, both religions strongly uphold the principle of human equality. Islam emphasizes that superiority is based solely on piety (taqwā), while Sikhism advocates universal equality irrespective of caste, class, or social status. Service to humanity is another central tenet in both traditions; Islam regards helping others as an act of virtue and devotion, whereas Sikhism places significant emphasis on selfless service (sevā) as a core religious duty. In addition, both faiths attach great importance to worship practices, including regular prayers and spiritual discipline, which foster a direct connection with the Divine. Ethical values such as truthfulness, honesty, compassion, and justice are deeply embedded within both traditions. The Sīrah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ further provides numerous examples of compassion, empathy, and concern for human welfare, reinforcing these shared values. This study highlights how the common principles of Sikhism and Islam can serve as a foundation for mutual respect, interfaith harmony, and deeper understanding. All these aspects are analyzed in the light of the Sīrah, demonstrating their relevance in contemporary society.
The Contributions and Multidimensional Aspects of Muslim Philosophers in the Evolution of Philosophical Thought
Since the emergence of this vast and intricate universe particularly with the advent of life human beings have persistently sought to uncover the mysteries and purposes underlying existence. Throughout history, this quest has evolved through diverse ideas, philosophical frameworks, and intellectual methodologies. From the earliest stages of human consciousness to the present day, humanity has remained engaged in an enduring effort to comprehend the hidden realities and fundamental truths of the cosmos. It is evident that this intellectual pursuit will continue as long as questions about existence, purpose, and reality remain. Within this context, Islam offers a profound and comprehensive perspective that actively encourages human beings to reflect upon the nature of the universe. It calls upon individuals to utilize their God-given faculties—reason, observation, and contemplation to explore the signs embedded within creation. The Qurʾānic worldview promotes critical thinking, rational inquiry, and deep intellectual engagement with both the physical and metaphysical dimensions of existence. This research article seeks to examine how Islam guides humanity toward understanding the philosophy of the universe by emphasizing contemplation (tafakkur), reflection (tadabbur), and reasoned analysis. It further highlights the importance of exploring the principles, limits, and outcomes of philosophical inquiry within an Islamic framework, ultimately aiming to achieve a meaningful and coherent understanding of existence.
The Haryanvi language, commonly known as Haryānvī, is the principal vernacular of the Haryana region in northern India and derives its name from this geographical association. Historically, it has been referred to by various names such as Bangru, Jatu, Deswali, Powadhi, Khadri, Ahirwati, Ranghri, and Rohtaki, which are, in fact, its regional dialects rather than entirely distinct languages. Even today, Haryanvi is spoken in multiple standardized dialectal forms across the state, reflecting its rich linguistic diversity and cultural depth. Before the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the region of Haryana comprised four major districts Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, and Karnal and was administratively part of the Ambala Division. The region holds significant historical importance and is often referred to as the “Battlefield of India” due to its strategic location. Numerous historical invasions and battles occurred in this area, as it served as a primary route for invaders advancing toward Delhi. Historical records indicate that within a radius of approximately 150 kilometers around Delhi, numerous princely clans were settled, who resisted foreign invasions with remarkable courage and resilience. Despite its historical prominence, the region has long been considered socio-economically underdeveloped. Nevertheless, the Haryanvi language has remained a strong marker of regional identity, preserving the cultural and social ethos of its speakers. This study highlights the historical, linguistic, and cultural evolution of Haryanvi, emphasizing its dialectal richness and its role in shaping the identity of the Haryana region.
Pedagogical Principles in the Light of Islam and Modern Education: A Comparative Study
Education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals as well as societies. In the Islamic tradition, education is deeply rooted in the Qur’ān and Sunnah, emphasizing holistic growth that integrates moral refinement, intellectual development, and the pursuit of knowledge as an act of devotion to Allah. Islamic pedagogy prioritizes the nurturing of character (tarbiyah), ethical responsibility, and the alignment of learning with spiritual and communal well-being. In contrast, modern education has largely been shaped by secular pedagogical theories, particularly constructivism, behaviorism, and cognitivism, which emphasize student-centered learning, critical thinking, technological integration, and skill acquisition to meet contemporary socio-economic needs. While modern approaches often prioritize efficiency, innovation, and measurable outcomes, Islamic education underscores the inseparability of knowledge and values, seeking to harmonize worldly progress with spiritual accountability. This study undertakes a comparative examination of key pedagogical concepts in both Islamic and modern education, identifying points of convergence and divergence. It argues that while the two paradigms differ in orientation spiritual versus secular, they share common concerns for intellectual growth, social responsibility, and the cultivation of human potential. The research further explores the possibility of synthesizing these frameworks into a balanced educational model that upholds Islamic ethical principles while embracing modern advancements in pedagogy. Such integration, it is suggested, could contribute to the formation of a transformative educational system that is both spiritually grounded and responsive to contemporary challenges.
The Need for Interfaith Harmony in Islam: A Contemporary Perspective
The modern era is a time of intellectual, religious, economic, and cultural conflicts. Differences among followers of various religions have led to increasing intolerance, prejudice, and confrontation. In such a tense situation, interfaith harmony is not only a theoretical necessity but also essential for international peace and the survival of humanity. Interfaith harmony refers to a society where people of different beliefs and ideologies can live together with mutual respect, tolerance, patience, and peace. The life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the Mercy for all worlds, is the best example of interfaith harmony. He made agreements with Jews and Christians and granted them religious freedom. The Charter of Madinah is a clear example of this, where people of different religions were included in a single state system, ensuring mutual cooperation, collective defense, and religious freedom. In the present era, the importance of interfaith harmony has further increased because religious differences are often exploited for political and economic purposes, leading to hatred and violence. Islamophobia, the negative role of media, and misunderstandings have further worsened the situation. In such challenging times, interfaith dialogue serves as an effective tool to build trust and promote positive thinking among different religious communities. At the international level, the importance of interfaith harmony has also been recognized. The United Nations and other organizations are promoting dialogue and cooperation among religions to ensure global peace. Education, media, diplomacy, and economic activities also play a significant role in fostering religious harmony and tolerance. In conclusion, interfaith harmony is the most important need of our time, as it unites humanity, establishes peace, and ensures a better future.
An Analytical Study of the Arguments on Tawḥīd and Their Sources in the Thought of Allama Muhammad Ashraf Sialvi
This study presents a critical and analytical examination of the concept of Tawḥīd (Oneness of God) in the thought of Allama Muhammad Ashraf Sialvi (رحمہ اللہ), with particular focus on his arguments and their primary sources. The research explores how Allama Sialvi systematically elaborates the dimensions of Tawḥīd al-Dhāt (Oneness of Essence) and Tawḥīd al-Ṣifāt (Oneness of Attributes) through a comprehensive engagement with classical Islamic scholarship. His discourse emphasizes the absolute uniqueness of Allah in essence, attributes, authority, and worthiness of worship, while simultaneously addressing theological misunderstandings related to shirk (associating partners with God). The study highlights Sialvi’s methodological approach, which is deeply rooted in the foundational sources of Islam, namely the Qur’an and Hadith, and further supported by classical tafsīr literature, works of ḥadīth commentary, and authoritative texts of Islamic theology (ʿIlm al-Kalām). By analyzing his use of Qur’anic verses such as Surah al-Ikhlāṣ and Surah al-Anbiyāʾ, along with Prophetic traditions, the research demonstrates how he constructs a coherent and rational defense of Islamic monotheism. Moreover, the study evaluates his nuanced distinction between ʿibādah (worship) and taʿẓīm (reverence), clarifying misconceptions surrounding practices like respect for the Prophet ﷺ and the pious. His arguments also engage with opposing theological positions, particularly those of sectarian and philosophical schools, offering a reasoned rebuttal grounded in orthodox Sunni thought. This research establishes that Allama Sialvi’s scholarship represents a significant contribution to contemporary Islamic theology, particularly in articulating a balanced and evidence-based understanding of Tawḥīd. His works remain relevant for addressing modern theological debates and misconceptions within Muslim societies.
The Concept of Optimism (Tafā’ul) and Symbolism (Ramz) in Islamic Thought: A Research Study of Shariah Perspectives, Prophetic Methodology, and Contemporary Relevance
This study examines the intricate relationship between optimism (tafāʾul) and symbolism (ramz) in Islamic thought, arguing that Islam transforms internal hope into an active and meaningful semiotic framework for psychological and spiritual renewal. Through a qualitative analysis of classical linguistic traditions and Sharīʿah texts, the research situates tafāʾul as a natural outcome of theistic optimism (ḥusn al-ẓann bi-Allāh), clearly distinguishing it from superstitious practices such as taṭayyur. The study further analyzes the semiotic relationship between the signifier (dāll) and the signified (madlūl) within Prophetic practices, highlighting examples such as the symbolic transformation of the cloak (taḥwīl al-ridāʾ) and the intentional practice of renaming as expressions of constructive meaning-making. In addition, a critical exegesis of Qurʾānic narratives—particularly the symbolic progression of the shirts of Prophet Yūsuf (ʿalayhi al-salām)—reveals a coherent “symbolism of hope” rooted in metaphysical reality rather than mere abstraction. The findings suggest that Islamic symbolic optimism provides a robust ontological and epistemological foundation that surpasses the limitations of purely materialistic notions of “positive thinking.” By integrating faith, meaning, and symbolism, it offers a comprehensive therapeutic framework capable of addressing contemporary psychological and spiritual crises, especially those rooted in despair, anxiety, and loss of meaning.
Tony Morrison’s Beloved Reimagines the Body as an Archive, Advancing a Black Feminist Epistemology that Destabilizes Western Regimes of Evidence and Historical Truth
This research develops an extended critical investigation of Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), advancing the argument that the novel reconfigures the human body as a living archive that stores, transmits, and contests historical knowledge. In doing so, Morrison constructs a Black feminist epistemology that destabilizes dominant Western regimes of evidence, objectivity, and historiographical authority. Rather than privileging written documentation, linear temporality, and institutional archives, Beloved foregrounds embodied memory, affect, oral storytelling, and spectral return as legitimate and necessary forms of knowledge production. The study situates Morrison’s work at the intersection of Black feminist theory, trauma studies, memory studies, and poststructuralist archival theory. It examines how the novel critiques the epistemic violence embedded within traditional archives systems that historically excluded enslaved Black subjects and proposes alternative epistemologies rooted in lived experience. Through close textual analysis, the research explores how bodily scars, fragmented narrative structures, and haunting disrupt conventional understandings of truth. By conceptualizing the body as archive, Morrison not only recovers suppressed histories of slavery but also redefines the criteria by which knowledge is validated. This project contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship by demonstrating how literature can function as both an archive and a methodological intervention in historical discourse.
Body as Archive, Embodied Memory, Trauma Studies, Memory Studies, Archival Theory, Poststructuralism, Slavery Narratives, Oral Tradition, Spectrality
A Research Review of Intellectual Development in the Era of Akbar
The era of Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar (1556–1605) represents a transformative period marked by significant intellectual development in the Indian subcontinent. This study examines the establishment of libraries, educational institutions, and curricular reforms that encouraged critical thinking, intellectual curiosity, and cultural exchange. The period witnessed remarkable advancements in Persian calligraphy, music, and painting, with scholars and artists receiving substantial imperial patronage. Prominent intellectuals such as Abū al-Faḍl and Fayḍī made enduring contributions, producing seminal works like Akbarnāmah and Āʾīn-i Akbarī, which offer valuable insights into the socio-political and cultural landscape of the time. Furthermore, the era was distinguished by an extensive translation movement, through which important texts from Sanskrit, Arabic, and Turkish were rendered into Persian, thereby enriching the region’s intellectual and cultural heritage. Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance created an inclusive environment that enabled scholars from diverse backgrounds to flourish. This atmosphere of openness significantly contributed to the growth of intellectual discourse and cross-cultural interaction. Institutions such as the imperial translation bureau played a vital role in facilitating knowledge transmission and scholarly engagement. The intellectual advancements of Akbar’s reign had a lasting impact on the cultural and intellectual history of South Asia. By fostering learning, dialogue, and synthesis of traditions, this period not only shaped the cultural identity of the region but also influenced subsequent generations of scholars and thinkers.
Elegiac Elements in the Ghazals of Muḥsin Naqvī
Although modern Urdu ghazal has significantly expanded its thematic and expressive scope, the poetry of Muḥsin Naqvī occupies a distinctive position due to its deep symbolic and cultural association with the theme of Karbala. This study examines the elegiac (rithāʾī) elements in Muḥsin Naqvī’s Karbala-oriented poetry and argues that his poetic discourse represents a synthesis of classical elegiac tradition and modern sensibility, achieved through linguistic simplicity, emotional intensity, and symbolic coherence. In Muḥsin Naqvī’s poetry, the elegiac dimension presents Karbala not merely as a distant historical event but as a profound moral and existential reality. Through recurring symbols such as thirst, desert, blood, and martyrdom, he constructs a shared cultural vocabulary. These symbols are not merely ornamental; rather, they function as semantic foundations that link individual grief with collective memory. In this way, his poetry invites readers to engage with the ethical and emotional legacy of Karbala within contemporary social and political contexts. Muḥsin Naqvī’s poetic tone avoids unnecessary abstraction and instead emphasizes emotional authenticity, rhythmic simplicity, and thematic unity, all of which significantly enhance the elegiac quality of his work. The fusion of personal sorrow with collective tragedy produces a layered yet accessible poetic experience. The elegiac elements in Muḥsin Naqvī’s ghazals are not merely stylistic devices but a deliberate aesthetic strategy that renders complex intellectual and moral concepts both comprehensible and impactful. By presenting Karbala as a dynamic and relatable symbol, Muḥsin Naqvī revitalizes the elegiac tradition and ensures its continued relevance within modern Urdu literary discourse.
The Recipients of Qurʾānic Arguments( A Study in the Context of the Existence of Allah)
The evidence is of existence of Allah in the Holy Qurʾān, by virtue of their comprehensiveness and diversity; address every level of human understanding and faculties. Yet it must also be borne in mind that human dispositions are not uniform, not every mind is equally impressed and convinced by the same mode of argument, nor can every group derive equal benefit from every sort of proof and evidence. One perceives the manifestation of the Creator in the order and harmony of the cosmos; other discerns the signs of Lordship within the miraculous organization of the human self; yet another finds testimony to Allah in moral consciousness and in the distinction between right and wrong. Thus, the Qurʾān opens different avenues for various minds and temperaments, so that everyone may attain the path of certainty according to his or her capacity. People of reflection and insight derive illumination from contemplating the cosmic signs and the vast order of the universe, while scholars attain the reality of Divine Unity through intellectual and rational inquiry. Likewise, those guided by sound reason find reassurance in logical demonstrations and the testimony of innate human nature. The marvel of the Qurʾān lies precisely in this: that it presents one and the same truth in diverse modes of expression, so that despite the variety of human temperaments, none are deprived. Each person, according to the degree of his insight, partakes of these proofs, and thus faith manifests itself in every heart in proportion to its capacity.
Negotiating Identity under Colonial Shadows: A Postcolonial Study of Angrej
This study examines the representation of cultural identity and colonial presence in Punjabi cinema through a postcolonial analysis of Angrej (2015). Set in pre-Partition rural Punjab, the film presents a nostalgic portrayal of indigenous life under British colonial rule while largely minimizing the explicit depiction of colonial authority. Drawing on postcolonial theoretical perspectives, particularly the concepts of hybridity and cultural dominance, this paper argues that Angrej constructs an idealized vision of Punjabi identity that negotiates colonial influence through subtle narrative strategies. The analysis demonstrates how the film foregrounds local traditions, language, and social structures to assert cultural continuity and authenticity. At the same time, the relative absence of direct colonial representation reflects a form of narrative displacement that reconfigures historical realities. The findings suggest that the film contributes to a broader cinematic tendency to romanticize pre-Partition Punjab, thereby shaping collective memory and cultural identity in postcolonial contexts. Overall, the study highlights the complex relationship between nostalgia, identity construction, and postcolonial discourse in regional cinema.
The Concept of Exception for State Authorities in Islam: A Research and Critical Analysis in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah
The survival of human society depends upon justice and equity. Islam established a legal system in which all individuals are equal before the law and no person is granted superiority because of authority or position. However, within Pakistan’s constitutional framework, the issue of immunity granted to high-ranking state officials raises important legal and ethical concerns. Article 248 of the Constitution previously provided immunity to the President, Governors, and the Prime Minister. Through the 27th Constitutional Amendment (2025), instead of abolishing these privileges, the immunity of the President has been extended to a lifelong status, continuing even after the completion of the term of office. Similarly, amendments to Article 243 have granted lifelong immunity to the Field Marshal, Marshal of the Air Force, and Admiral of the Fleet. These developments appear to contradict the principle of equality before the law and the concept of justice emphasized in Islamic teachings. This study examines the concept of immunity from the perspective of Islamic law by analyzing the Qur’an, Sunnah, the practices of the Rashidun Caliphate, and the opinions of classical and contemporary scholars. Using a qualitative, historical, and analytical methodology, the research evaluates the constitutional provisions of Pakistan and compares them with Islamic legal principles. The study concludes that absolute or lifelong immunity for rulers has no clear justification in Islamic law and undermines the principles of justice and accountability.
Dr. Masaru Emoto’s Water Theory and the Impact of Human Consciousness on Matter: A Research Study
This research paper explores the revolutionary yet controversial hypothesis proposed by Japanese researcher Dr. Masaru Emoto, which suggests that water possesses the ability to respond to human consciousness, intentions, words, and vibrational frequencies. Dr. Emoto’s central claim is that water molecules act as a "biological computer," capable of storing and reflecting environmental energy. By utilizing high-speed microscopic photography of frozen water crystals, he demonstrated positive stimuli such as the words "love" and "gratitude" or classical music result - aesthetically in symmetrical hexagonal structures. Conversely, negative stimuli like hateful words or heavy metal music produce chaotic and fragmented formations. This study adopts a dual-perspective approach to evaluate Emoto’s work. On one hand, supporters from the fields of metaphysics and alternative medicine utilize principles of quantum mechanics, such as the "Observer Effect" and the concept of "Hado" (vibrational energy), to validate the possibility of a mind-matter interaction. On the other hand, the mainstream scientific community critiqued his methodology, citing a lack of double-blind protocols and "selection bias," where specific images were allegedly chosen to support a predetermined narrative Special attention is given to Emoto’s experiments on Zamzam water, where he observed a unique double-hexagonal crystalline structure that remained stable even under significant dilution. This finding is analyzed within a spiritual framework, suggesting a scientific basis for the effects of Quranic recitation and prayer. Through an examination of 30 scholarly and metaphysical references, this paper concludes that while Emoto’s theory remains outside the boundaries of classical molecular biology, it has pioneered a significant dialogue on Water Memory." It suggests that water may serve as a bridge between the physical and the metaphysical, urging a deeper exploration of the subtle energies that govern our reality.
A Comparative Analysis of Machine Translation and Human Translation: Efficacy of Poetry Translation from Urdu to English
Poetry is essentially the most condensed and pragmatically loaded form of art. The daunting task of effectively translating poetry requires avant-garde translating acumen. With the advent of neural machine translation, the debate on Human vs. Machine Translation and the speculation of Machine Translation replacing humans went rife. The current study aims to gauge the efficacy of Google Translate’s (MT) rendering of Iqbal’s poem La Illaha Ilallah as compared to Bashir Ahmed Dar’s Human Translation (HT) of the same poem. Bahir Ahmed Dar published his English translation of the chosen poem in his book ‘Rod of Moses’. This study examines the impact of Antoine Berman’s deforming tendencies on the Machine and Human English translations of Iqbal’s poem La Illaha Ilallah. Moreover, the study aims to find out how lexical elements change in the translations of the source language to make it suitable for the target language audience by adopting the deforming tendencies. It is a qualitative type of study employing Berman’s Model of Twelve Deforming Tendencies to analyze which strategies were used in both the English translation of Iqbal’s Urdu poem. The data of the Source Urdu Text was collected from the Internet Archive, and that of Human Translation was taken from Bashir A. Dar’s book Rod of Moses. To generate the Machine Translation, Google Translate was used to generate the MT output. The results indicated that the MT of the work suffered from lexical mismatches, destruction of rhythm and destruction of vernacular networks, rendering an erroneous and vague translation, while HT managed to retain the cultural and contextual essence of the source text. The findings also revealed that the Human translation also faced many deformative tendencies but successfully maintained the genre and social stance of the author. Overall, it appears that poetry translation may benefit from a human translator's profound attention to cultural and contextual detail, which is ignored by NMT tools such as Google Translate, leading to inconsistencies in the translation.
Dr. F. Abdul Rahim and His Pedagogical Methodology in Duroos al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah li-Ghayr al-Nāṭiqīn bihā
This study examines the pedagogical and methodological framework adopted by Dr. F. Abdul Rahim in his renowned instructional series Duroos al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah li-Ghayr al-Nāṭiqīn bihā. The research aims to analyze the linguistic, educational, and instructional principles underlying this widely used work, particularly in the context of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. The series has gained significant recognition, especially at the Islamic University of Madinah, where it has been extensively utilized in Arabic language programs. Employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the study explores the structural organization of the series, its systematic and gradual presentation of linguistic components, and its emphasis on immersive language acquisition without reliance on a mediating language. Special attention is given to the integration of grammar, vocabulary, and communicative practice within carefully structured lessons that promote progressive language mastery. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of Dr. Abdul Rahim’s methodology stems from its successful combination of classical Arabic authenticity with contemporary language-teaching strategies. By maintaining fidelity to traditional grammatical foundations while incorporating modern pedagogical principles, the series provides a balanced and practical approach to language instruction. Consequently, Duroos al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah stands as a highly influential and effective model in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language, contributing significantly to the development of structured Arabic language pedagogy for non-native learners.
Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (TAFL),
Derivation of the Justification of Legal Commands through the Principle of Justice in Sūrah al-Nisā
Sūrah al-Nisāʾ is a Madinan sūrah consisting of 176 verses and 24 rukūʿāt. It is the fourth chapter of the Holy Qurʾān and derives its name from the extensive discussion of rulings related to women contained within it. The explanation of the underlying reason or cause of a matter is termed taʿlīl, and when applied to legal injunctions, it is referred to as taʿlīl al-aḥkām. In Islamic legal theory, an unspecified ruling may be determined by drawing an analogy (qiyās) with a specified ruling, based on a shared effective cause (ʿillah). Another important dimension of taʿlīl is the recognition that Sharīʿah rulings are grounded in wisdom and benefit (maṣlaḥah) for humanity. The causes underlying legal rulings are generally categorized into two types: explicit (manṣūṣ) causes, which are directly stated in the text, and derived (mustanbaṭ) causes, which are inferred through juristic reasoning. Through an analytical examination of various classical and contemporary exegeses of Sūrah al-Nisāʾ, this study identifies approximately twelve derived causes associated with its legal injunctions. These have been systematically compiled and analyzed in the research. The study offers a novel methodological contribution by organizing and presenting the inferred rationales identified by Qurʾānic commentators in a structured and coherent manner, thereby providing a fresh perspective on the jurisprudential analysis of the sūrah’s legal directives.
The Prophetic Method of Education in the Light of Modern Psychological and Social Sciences
This research investigates the pedagogical methodology of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and its relevance to modern psychological and social sciences. The study demonstrates that the Prophet’s educational model was comprehensive, addressing not only intellectual and cognitive aspects but also emotional, moral, spiritual, and social dimensions of human growth. Unlike many contemporary approaches that focus primarily on technical or behavioral aspects, the Prophetic model integrates compassion, empathy, gradual training, and moral guidance into the very fabric of education. The findings highlight several dimensions of this pedagogy. First, positive reinforcement and encouragement were central to the Prophet’s method, which aligns with modern psychology’s emphasis on affirmation for building self-confidence and resilience. Second, his approach to anger management and emotional regulation resonates strongly with contemporary theories of emotional intelligence, emphasizing patience, self-control, and empathy. Third, social training within family and community structures formed a critical element, ensuring children developed responsibility, cooperation, and respect for others. Fourth, the use of practical role-modeling demonstrates the principle that children and youth learn most effectively through lived examples rather than abstract instruction. This study concludes that Prophetic pedagogy not only predates but also surpasses modern educational theories by presenting a timeless, human-centered, and holistic approach. It provides valuable insights for contemporary parents, educators, and policymakers seeking to integrate ethical, emotional, and social dimensions into effective education and training systems.
The Representation of Punjabi Culture in Ashfaq Ahmed’s Short Story Collection “Subḥānay Afāsānay”
Culture represents the intellectual and material expressions of human communities living within a specific geographical region. Its intellectual dimensions shape both the inner and outer aspects of life, guiding individuals in the art of living and sustaining social relationships. These elements influence customs associated with festivals, fairs, and significant events related to life and death. Similarly, the patterns developed by a community to regulate both internal thought and external behavior constitute its traditions and customs. To preserve and transmit these traditions, each generation educates the next, ensuring cultural continuity. Society, therefore, emerges as a collective and comprehensive process in which individuals adhere to an established way of life. This cultural framework operates simultaneously at both internal and external levels, shaping beliefs as well as social practices. Culture is not static; it is continuously influenced by multiple factors that shape and reshape it over time. Historical circumstances, natural calamities, political forces, and social movements all play a significant role in the formation and organization of cultural identity. In this context, the depiction of Punjab in Ashfaq Ahmed’s short stories provides valuable insight into twentieth-century Punjabi society. His fiction reflects the cultural values, traditions, and social forces prevalent during his era. Through his portrayal of everyday life, Ashfaq Ahmed captures both individual experiences and collective realities, offering a vivid representation of Punjabi culture and its evolving social landscape.
A Critical Review of Objections to Īṣāl al-Thawāb, Samāʿ al-Mawtā, and the Construction of Mosques at Shrines
Critics of Ṣūfism have raised objections to the practices of Īṣāl al-Thawāb, Samāʿ al-Mawtā, and the construction of mosques at shrines. According to Ghulām Aḥmad Parwez, the belief in Īṣāl al-Thawāb is un-Qurʾānic. From his perspective of divine recompense, every individual bears the consequence of his or her own actions, and such outcomes cannot be transferred to another person, whether living or deceased. This study seeks to examine, in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, whether one person can benefit another in the intermediate or the Hereafter life. Parwez’s viewpoint will be critically analyzed in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, as well as through the perspectives of the Prophet’s teachings, the understanding of the Companions, and the established practice of the Muslim Ummah, in order to determine the juristic and doctrinal status of Īṣāl al-Thawāb. Another significant issue raised by critics is that of Samāʿ al-Mawtā. According to Parwez, the dead do not possess the capacity to hear, whereas the Ṣūfīs affirm this belief. The arguments presented by Parwez regarding Samāʿ al-Mawtā will be examined analytically, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the issue in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, with the aim of reaching its doctrinal reality. Among issues related to shrines, a fundamental concern is the construction of mosques near graves. Sayyid Abū al-Aʿlā Mawdūdī regarded the construction of mosques adjacent to the shrines of saints as tantamount to an act of shirk. His arguments will first be analyzed critically, followed by an evaluation of this viewpoint in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah. Scholarly opinions of later researchers will also be reviewed to determine the legal status of constructing mosques near graves. After an analytical study of these three issues, the research will conclude by assessing the validity of the criticisms and clarifying the correct position of these matters in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah.
Divorce and Inheritance Rights of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim States: A Legal and Social Review
Muslim minorities residing in non-Muslim states face considerable legal and social challenges in matters of family law, particularly with regard to divorce and inheritance. Although Islamic law provides a comprehensive and well-developed framework for regulating these issues, secular legal systems in Europe and the United States often offer limited recognition to religious legal norms. This article critically examines the legal status of Muslim divorce and inheritance in non-Muslim states through the theoretical lenses of legal pluralism and religious freedom. Adopting a qualitative and comparative research approach, the study explores the tensions between secular legal frameworks and Islamic family law, highlighting the resulting social and legal implications for Muslim minority communities. Particular attention is given to the impact of these legal constraints on Muslim women, who frequently face heightened vulnerability due to overlapping legal, cultural, and social pressures. The findings reveal that inadequate accommodation of Islamic family law within secular legal systems contributes to legal uncertainty and insecurity among Muslim minorities. Such conditions often lead to difficulties in the recognition of marital status, enforcement of divorce settlements, and protection of inheritance rights. The article argues that these challenges can be mitigated through increased legal awareness within Muslim communities, proper civil documentation of marriages and wills, and the development of constructive dialogue between state authorities and religious minority representatives. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the need for balanced legal solutions that respect both the principles of secular law and the fundamental rights of religious minorities.
A Stylistic Analysis of Figurative Language in Contemporary English Song Lyrics: Metaphor and Symbolism in 'Demons' and 'Let It Go'
This paper presents a stylistic analysis of two popular English songs Demons” by Imagine Dragons and “Let It Go” by Idina Menzel focusing on their use of figurative language, particularly metaphor and symbolism. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, the study explores how figurative devices contribute to the emotional tone, thematic development, and listener engagement within the songs. The analysis reveals that “Demons” employs dark metaphors and reference imagery to dramatize themes of psychological struggle, inner conflict, and moral doubt. In contrast, “Let It Go” utilizes liberating metaphors and open symbolism to express emotional freedom, self-acceptance, and personal empowerment. By juxtaposing these two works, the study highlights how figurative language serves as a powerful tool in constructing contrasting emotional narratives and conveying complex psychological states. The comparative approach underscores the versatility of metaphor and symbolism in shaping the listener’s emotional experience and reinforcing thematic contrasts between repression and liberation. Moreover, the study emphasizes the pedagogical value of analyzing song lyrics as authentic literary texts. Incorporating such materials into English language and literature classrooms can enhance learners’ understanding of stylistic variation, pragmatic meaning, and cultural awareness. Ultimately, the research contributes to the broader field of stylistics by demonstrating how contemporary music reflects universal human emotions through artistic language, thereby bridging the gap between linguistic creativity and emotional expression in modern popular culture.
Cultural Identity and Pragmatic Competence: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Punjabi and Pashto Learners of English in Pakistan
This study examines the influence of cultural identity on pragmatic competence among Punjabi and Pashto speakers learning English in Pakistan. It explores how learners perform speech acts such as requests, refusals, and apologies, focusing on how sociocultural norms shape their communicative strategies. Grounded in the framework of Interlanguage Pragmatics and constructivist epistemology, the study employs both Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) and semi-structured interviews to collect data from students and instructors. Through thematic analysis, distinctive pragmatic tendencies were observed. Punjabi learners exhibited a preference for directness and pragmatic efficiency, which sometimes compromised relational politeness. In contrast, Pashto learners demonstrated a tendency toward indirectness, elaborate politeness expressions, and a higher concern for maintaining social harmony and respect. These differences reflect how deeply cultural identity and social hierarchy influence communicative behavior in English as a second language context. The findings reveal that pragmatic transfer—both positive and negative—occurs frequently and is strongly rooted in learners’ cultural frameworks. The study highlights that effective English language teaching should integrate elements of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy to address such variations. It further emphasizes the need for cross-cultural awareness, pragmatic flexibility, and role-based communicative training in ELT classrooms. By bridging culture and language learning, this research contributes to a more inclusive understanding of how local identities shape global communication practices.
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The Role of the United Nations in Peace and Conflict: A Critical Analysis
This study examines critically the role of the United Nations (UN) in dealing with the various existing conflicts around the world and the issues it faces in fulfilling its fundamental mission of peace and security. In spite of the fact that the UN plays a pivotal role in the management of international issues, it is not effectively responding towards complex crisis situations, especially in some regions like Palestine, Ukraine, the Middle East, South Asia, etc since 2020. The limitations of the UN to adapt to rapidly changing geopolitical landscapes and conflicting interests of member states are apparent in these respective regions. càr is the credibility of the UN'scollapse in Afghanistan specifically and unz security Council generally with the focus on how the UN has responded to the conflicts through peaciphilie efforts, humanitarian assistance and diplomatic action. It examines UN's successes and failures in these areas with important obstacles reducing its effectiveness, such as politics tearing it apart, a lack of resources, and a lack of enforcement power. The aim of the study is to assess the overall effectiveness of the UN and the external and internal challenges it is facing in conflict resolution.By means of this study, content analysis of secondary sources has been adopted, which included the official UN reports, resolutions and academic literature as well as the news articles and the expert analyses. By combing through these materials, the paper presents a comprehensive picture of the UN's interventions and outcomes of those interventions. Results from the research showed that although the UN has made significant attempts in intervening in situations, it is often disabled by political and structural constraints. The study concludes that there is a great need for reform in order to enhance the UN's ability to respond better and more impartially to global challenges.