AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
An Analytical study of the Balance of Ecosystems: Islamic Teachings on the Harmony between Living and Non-Living Components of Nature
This paper examines the Islamic perspective on environmental balance, emphasizing the harmonious relationship between living and non-living components of the natural world. Islam presents nature as a divinely created and purposefully designed system in which every element functions within a precise order. Through an analysis of selected Qurʾānic verses and Aḥādīth, the study highlights how the Earth is portrayed as a perfectly balanced framework established by Allah. The concept of Mīzān is central to Islamic teachings and reflects the intricate interdependence that exists among all elements of ecological systems. Human beings are described in Islam as Khalīfah on Earth, entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining and protecting the environment. This stewardship entails the ethical use of natural resources, avoidance of wastefulness, and respect for all forms of life. The study also discusses the consequences of disrupting environmental balance, such as ecological degradation, climate instability, and social injustice, and links these outcomes to human negligence and ethical failure. Emphasis is placed on the importance of promoting environmental awareness through Islamic values and practices, including moderation, accountability, and collective responsibility. Ultimately, the paper underscores the relevance of Islamic teachings in addressing contemporary environmental challenges. By integrating spiritual consciousness with ecological responsibility, Islam provides a comprehensive ethical framework that encourages sustainable coexistence with nature and fosters a deep sense of respect for the environment as a trust from Allah.
Iqbāl's Concept of Ummah, the Palestinian Issue and Present Situation: An Intellectual Study
This research paper explores Allama Muḥammad Iqbāl’s concept of the Muslim Ummah (Millat) in the context of the Palestinian issue. Iqbāl conceptualized the Ummah not as a racial, ethnic, or territorial entity but as a spiritual and ideological community grounded in Islamic faith and shared moral values. His vision of Muslim unity transcends geographical boundaries and emphasizes a collective consciousness shaped by belief, purpose, and a common destiny. The paper examines Iqbāl’s deep concern for the suffering of Palestinian Muslims, as reflected in his poetry, prose writings, speeches, and letters. Iqbāl viewed the Palestinian issue not merely as a regional or political conflict but as a matter of profound significance for the entire Muslim world. He perceived it as a symbol of the broader decline and disunity of the Ummah. His writings strongly criticize Western imperialism and Zionist occupation, warning Muslims against political subjugation and intellectual dependency. Through a critical analysis of Iqbāl’s thought, the study highlights how his philosophy links spiritual awakening with political consciousness and moral responsibility. Iqbāl consistently called for self-realization (khudī), unity, and resistance against oppression as essential elements for the revival of the Muslim Ummah. The paper concludes that Iqbāl’s ideas remain highly relevant in the contemporary era. His emphasis on unity, faith-based solidarity, and resistance to injustice offers enduring intellectual and moral guidance for addressing ongoing challenges faced by Muslims, particularly the persistent humanitarian and political crisis in Palestine.
Measuring English Vocabulary Size of First and Last Semester Students of Foundation University
This study compares the English vocabulary knowledge of first-semester and final-semester students at Foundation University to examine the extent of vocabulary development during undergraduate education. The primary objective of the research is to determine whether students’ language proficiency, specifically vocabulary size, increases over the course of their university studies. The sample consists of one hundred undergraduate students drawn from various academic disciplines. Data were collected using TestYourVocab.com, an online vocabulary assessment tool. A descriptive and comparative research design was employed to analyze and compare the vocabulary sizes of the two groups. The findings indicate that final-semester students possess a larger English vocabulary than first-semester students, suggesting that vocabulary growth does occur over time in a university setting. However, the relatively modest difference between the two groups implies that vocabulary development may not occur naturally or sufficiently without deliberate instructional support. This finding highlights the limitations of incidental vocabulary acquisition in EFL contexts and underscores the need for structured and systematic vocabulary instruction. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous, vocabulary-focused teaching strategies in undergraduate English language programs. It also offers practical implications for English language teachers, curriculum developers, and academic institutions, suggesting that targeted vocabulary instruction can play a crucial role in enhancing students’ overall language proficiency and academic success.
First-Semester and Final-Semester Comparison
Stylistics of Iqbal: A Stylistic Analysis of “Shikwā”
Stylistics has long been recognized as the linguistic study of texts. In its contemporary understanding, however, stylistics extends beyond the analysis of linguistic components to examine how language choices convey meaning and produce aesthetic effects. Foregrounding is one of the central concepts in stylistic analysis. It refers to a technique through which a writer or poet deliberately deviates from or parallels conventional language patterns in order to attract the reader’s attention and establish a distinctive style. The long poem Shikwā by Muḥammad Iqbāl has remained an enduring favorite among Urdu literary critics and has increasingly drawn the attention of stylisticians. This paper seeks to explore how Iqbāl’s poetic style emerges through the systematic making and breaking of linguistic norms. It specifically examines the use of linguistic parallelism and linguistic deviation as key foregrounding devices that contribute to the poem’s stylistic richness. By analyzing these stylistic features, the study demonstrates how Iqbāl transforms language into a powerful expressive medium, enabling Shikwā to achieve both emotional depth and intellectual impact. The paper argues that the conscious manipulation of linguistic patterns not only enhances the poem’s aesthetic appeal but also secures its status as a timeless masterpiece of Urdu poetry.
Patriarchal Power and Nature: An Eco-Feministic Study of Sara Macdonald’s In a Kingdom by the Sea
Using the theoretical framework of ecofeminism, this article examines the intersection of feminism and ecology in Sara MacDonald’s novel In a Kingdom by the Sea. The study explores how the novel critiques patriarchal power structures by portraying women’s lived experiences and their relationship with the natural environment. Drawing on Karen J. Warren’s ecofeminist theory, the analysis highlights the parallel processes through which women are marginalized and nature is exploited within patriarchal societies. The article emphasizes how MacDonald’s narrative resists systems of domination and challenges hierarchical dualisms such as man/woman and nature/culture. By deconstructing these binaries, the novel reveals the interconnected oppression of women and the environment. The study argues that In a Kingdom by the Sea presents an ecofeminist vision that promotes harmony, care, and ethical responsibility toward both women and nature. Ultimately, the article demonstrates that MacDonald’s work not only critiques gender-based and ecological injustices but also offers an alternative perspective that foregrounds mutual respect, sustainability, and interconnectedness. Through an ecofeminist lens, the novel emerges as a powerful literary response to contemporary social and environmental concerns.
The Literary Formation of European Society in the Travelogue "Europe is Europe"
Travelogues have long occupied a significant place in understanding the social structure, history, and culture of different regions. In his travelogue Europe Is Europe, Yaqoob Nizami presents European society, history, and civilization with clarity and literary elegance, rendering the work valuable for both general readers and scholars of travel literature. During his travels across Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland, the author not only documents historic monuments, cities, streets, lakes, and castles but also offers keen observations of social behavior, human values, and moral attitudes. This travelogue transcends the conventional boundaries of travel writing and emerges as a reflective and analytical account of European culture and society. Through his close engagement with everyday life, Yaqoob Nizami enables readers to experience European social realities, historical consciousness, and civilizational patterns from an intimate perspective. The narrative carefully examines local lifestyles, architectural aesthetics, social norms, and religious traditions, providing a nuanced portrayal of European society. A central argument advanced in the travelogue is that the true essence of civilization does not rest solely on material advancement or technological progress. Rather, it is rooted in human character, social responsibility, moral discipline, and a collective sense of justice. By emphasizing these values, Europe Is Europe offers a critical reflection on modern civilization and invites readers to reassess commonly held assumptions about progress and development. The travelogue thus stands as an insightful contribution to contemporary Urdu travel literature and cultural discourse.
An Analysis of the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah Reflected in the Fatāwā
Fatwās in Islamic jurisprudence function not only as legal opinions but also as practical expressions of the higher objectives of the Sharīʿah, known as Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. These objectives seek to preserve religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property, thereby ensuring human welfare in both spiritual and social dimensions. This study critically examines selected fatwās issued in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, through the analytical framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in order to evaluate their conformity with the overarching aims of Islamic law. Employing a qualitative analytical methodology, the research analyzes fatwās related to religious practices, family and tribal disputes, financial matters, and contemporary social issues. The findings reveal that, in general, the fatwās under review uphold the core objectives of the Sharīʿah, particularly the protection of religion and life. However, certain rulings demonstrate limited engagement with contemporary social, psychological, and economic realities, indicating the need for a more comprehensive application of Maqāṣid-oriented reasoning. The study concludes that the systematic incorporation of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah into local fatwā practices can enhance their relevance, effectiveness, and responsiveness to modern societal challenges. Such an approach would contribute to a more balanced, just, and context-sensitive application of Islamic legal guidance, aligning traditional jurisprudence with contemporary needs.
Fatwās, Islamic jurisprudence, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Sharīʿah objectives, Legal reasoning, Social justice, Contemporary issues, Qualitative analysis, Islamic legal guidance.
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An Analysis of the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah Discussed in Imdād al-Aḥkām
This research article examines the application of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (the Objectives of Islamic Law) and Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims) as reflected in the renowned fiqh compendium Imdād al-Aḥkām. The work comprises the juristic verdicts (fatāwā) of two eminent scholars of the Indian subcontinent, Mawlānā Ẓafar Aḥmad ʿUthmānī and Muftī ʿAbd al-Karīm Gumat̤hlawī. Their scholarly contributions represent a rich synthesis of Ḥanafī jurisprudence, Prophetic traditions, reports of the Companions, and foundational principles of Islamic legal theory. The study begins with an overview of Imdād al-Aḥkām, focusing on its compilation, structure, and the juristic methodologies adopted by its authors. It then presents an analytical examination of selected fatāwā in light of the five universally recognized objectives of the Sharīʿah: the protection of religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), intellect (ḥifẓ al-ʿaql), lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and property (ḥifẓ al-māl). Through representative case studies, the article demonstrates how these objectives are consistently integrated into legal reasoning, ensuring a balance between adherence to textual sources and consideration of social welfare. Moreover, the research highlights the extensive use of major legal maxims—such as al-yaqīn lā yazūlu bi al-shakk (certainty is not removed by doubt)—in resolving complex juristic issues. This methodological reliance reinforces coherence, moderation, and consistency in legal verdicts. The findings reveal that Imdād al-Aḥkām is not merely a compilation of fatāwā but a comprehensive model of principled jurisprudence grounded in maqāṣid-oriented and rule-based reasoning. The study concludes by emphasizing the work’s continued relevance for contemporary Islamic legal discourse and recommends further academic research, curricular inclusion, and digital preservation of this significant juristic legacy.
Imdād al-Aḥkām, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah, Ḥanafī jurisprudence, Fatāwā, Islamic legal theory, Juristic reasoning, Mawlānā Ẓafar Aḥmad ʿUthmānī, Muftī ʿAbd al-Karīm Gumat̤hlawi.
A Social and Feminist Analysis of the Autobiography of Māh Pārah Ṣafdar
Mahpārah Ṣafdar is a renowned newsreader, columnist, and journalist who began her professional career in 1977 as a newscaster with Pakistan Television (PTV). In 1980, she joined Radio Pakistan News, further strengthening her presence in broadcast journalism. In 1990, she became part of the BBC Urdu Service, where she served for twenty-five years, presenting various programs and contributing columns based on her personal memories and professional experiences for the BBC Urdu website. In 2022, she published her autobiography, Mērā Zamāna, Merī Kahānī, through Jhelum Book Corner. The autobiography is divided into three major parts: the first focuses on her childhood, the second narrates her university life along with reflections on Pakistan’s political history from 1970 to 1980, and the third documents her experiences as a journalist working in London with the BBC Urdu Service. Through her life journey, Mahpārah Ṣafdar addresses numerous personal and professional challenges that reflect broader societal issues, particularly social inequality and systemic constraints faced by women within a patriarchal framework. Her narrative highlights the significance of feminist consciousness in interpreting these experiences and illustrates how she negotiated space, agency, and recognition within a male-dominated media industry. The autobiography thus serves as an important text for understanding the intersection of gender, media, and social structures in contemporary South Asian society.
Reality vs. Simulation: A Postmodernist Analysis of the Hyperreality in Agency by Gibson
This research examines how Agency by Gibson depicts Baudrillard’s (1981) concept of the precession of simulacra. The research particularly investigates the gradual disappearance of reality through four stages of simulation. It employs qualitative textual analysis as its primary method and employs Baudrillard’s (1981) framework as a theoretical framework. The findings reveal that Agency mirrors Baudrillard’s four stages. The first order retains referential realism. The second distorts reality through algorithmic mediation. The third order exposes the absence of an original referent through the concept of the stub, and the fourth order achieves full hyperreality embodied in the autonomous AI, Eunice. The findings demonstrated that in the digital age, representation not only replaces but also generates reality. The research contributes to postmodern literary scholarship by confirming that Gibson’s Agency does not merely depict hyperreality, but it also performs it. These findings reinforce Baudrillard’s (1981) view that simulation has become the dominant mode of postmodern literature. Future research could further explore how contemporary digital fiction continues to enact this transition from representation to pure simulation, offering new perspectives on the ontology of the postmodern novel.
G͟hulām Aḥmad Parvēz’s Thought: An Analytical Review of Traditional Religious Practices
This study presents an analytical review of traditional religious practices—such as wasīlah (intercession), taʿvīẓ va dam (amulets and incantations), and ʿurs (saintly commemorations)—in the perspective of Ghulam Ahmad Parwez’s thought. Parwez, a prominent twentieth-century Qur’an-oriented reformist scholar, critically challenged ritualistic and mystical elements that, in his view, emerged from post-Qur’anic traditions and cultural influences rather than from the original Islamic message. According to Parwez, practices involving the seeking of spiritual assistance through saints, objects, or rituals undermine the Qur’anic concept of tawḥīd and human accountability, shifting focus from personal effort and Divine guidance to intermediaries and supernatural expectations. This research explores Parwez’s epistemological framework, which prioritizes the Qur’an as the sole authoritative source for belief and practice, while questioning the role of classical jurisprudence, Sufi traditions, and popular religiosity in shaping Muslim society. The study further examines his criticism of shrine culture and the commercialization of religious rituals, arguing that such practices reinforce passivity, social stagnation, and dependency on religious authorities. Through textual analysis of Parwez’s writings and contemporary scholarly evaluations, the research highlights both the strengths and limitations of his reformist approach. The findings suggest that Parwez’s critique contributes significantly to modern Islamic reform discourse by advocating rationality, socio-economic development, and direct engagement with the Qur’anic worldview. However, his dismissal of centuries-old interpretive traditions has also been viewed as reductionist by many scholars. Overall, the study offers a balanced assessment of Parwez’s perspectives and their implications for understanding traditional religious practices in contemporary Muslim contexts.
Discourses on Rhythm in Urdu Prose Poetry
The Urdu prose poem represents a critical juncture in the evolution of Urdu literary aesthetics, situated between the classical traditions of metrical poetry and the innovations of Western literary forms. Classical Urdu poetry, deeply influenced by Arabic and Persian prosody, has always regarded āhang (rhythm) as central to poetic expression, closely tied to meter, rhyme, and musicality. The introduction of the prose poem challenged these conventions, raising questions about whether poetry can exist without traditional metrics and how rhythm could be realized in a form that is primarily prosaic.Critics such as Dr. Unwan Chishti, Dr. Ibn-e-Fareed, Karamat Ali Karamat, Wazir Agha, Gopi Chand Narang, and Anis Nagi have explored this problem by distinguishing between ʿarūḍī āhang (metrical rhythm) and dākhilī or organic rhythm. While metrical rhythm depends on syllabic patterns, the internal rhythm of the prose poem emerges from semantic flow, emotional intensity, and syntactic modulation. This shift underscores the Urdu prose poem’s experimental nature: it negotiates the inherited poetic norms while striving for an independent rhythm derived from linguistic and thematic dynamics rather than prosody.The debates highlight a persistent tension: traditionalists see rhythm as inseparable from poetry, whereas modernists argue that the prose poem generates its own musicality through expression and thought. Consequently, Urdu prose poetry remains a contested yet innovative form, where rhythm is redefined and poetry is expanded beyond classical structures. Its significance lies not only in challenging the conventional notion of āhang but also in establishing a distinctive aesthetic space that bridges the continuity of Urdu literary tradition with modern experimentation.
Guidance for Educational Institutions and Members of Society Regarding Technology: In the Light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah
The process of education and learning remains a continuous and dynamic phenomenon throughout human life, occurring both consciously and unconsciously, and enabling individuals to acquire new competencies over time. In the contemporary era, technology particularly the widespread use of mobile phones has significantly influenced all spheres of life, playing a central role in education, healthcare, agriculture, and socio-economic development. Acknowledging these realities, both traditional religious seminaries and modern educational institutions are increasingly integrating contemporary sciences and technological knowledge into their curricula, with the objective of preparing students to effectively balance religious values with the demands of the modern world. The Qur’an and Sunnah emphasize research, inquiry, and the pursuit of beneficial knowledge, thereby underscoring the necessity of adapting pedagogical methods in accordance with changing circumstances. Within this framework, the roles of parents, teachers, and society at large become critical in guiding the younger generation toward moral discernment and fostering a constructive engagement with technology. Through such collective and coordinated efforts, it becomes possible to cultivate a generation that not only safeguards Islamic values but also excels in scientific and technical competencies, thereby contributing to societal progress, stability, and sustainable development.
A Research Study on the Prophetic Characteristics (Khaṣā’iṣ al-Nabī) of Muhammad ﷺ in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
The characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as illuminated by the Qur’an, offer profound insights into his unparalleled role as the Seal of the Prophets and his distinct position in the divine order of messengership. While he shares several essential traits with earlier Prophets such as conveying divine revelation, embodying moral excellence, and guiding humanity toward righteousness the Qur’an distinctly emphasizes his universal mission and timeless relevance. Unlike previous messengers whose guidance was limited to specific nations or eras, the Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH) transcends boundaries of race, geography, and time, addressing the entirety of humankind. The Qur’an, his supreme and everlasting miracle, stands as the most powerful evidence of his truthfulness and divine appointment. This study explores both the shared and unique attributes of the Prophet’s personality and mission, underscoring the divine wisdom manifested through his life, character, and teachings. It further examines how these characteristics such as mercy, patience, justice, humility, and universality form the moral and spiritual foundation of Islamic civilization. By analyzing Qur’anic verses that delineate his special status and responsibilities, the research seeks to deepen the understanding of his Prophethood’s comprehensive nature. Ultimately, the study highlights how the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) exemplary character continues to serve as an enduring model for individuals and societies striving for moral perfection and divine proximity.
The Four Stages of Anima in the Short Stories of Khālid Saeed
Woman represents the very essence and creative spirit of the universe an indispensable force without which existence remains incomplete. Endowed by nature with biological, emotional, and psychological attributes that mirror those of her masculine counterpart, she embodies a unique harmony of balance and contrast. Within this framework, Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious introduces the concept of the Anima the feminine image within the male psyche manifesting in four progressive stages of development. This study critically explores Khalid Saeed’s short stories through the lens of Jungian psychology, particularly the four stages of the Anima. It argues that Khalid Saeed not only internalizes his Anima but also artistically externalizes it through his female characters, each representing different aspects of feminine evolution. His fiction portrays diverse dimensions of womanhood ranging from physical beauty and romantic idealization to sensual expression, spiritual insight, and intellectual wisdom. Through textual analysis, this research highlights how Saeed’s narratives transcend traditional gender portrayals, presenting womanhood as both a mirror of male consciousness and a symbol of universal equilibrium. His stories thus serve as a metaphorical dialogue between the masculine and feminine principles, reflecting an inherent desire for psychological and creative wholeness. Ultimately, this study situates Khalid Saeed’s work within the broader discourse of gender representation in Urdu literature, illustrating how his depiction of Anima contributes to a nuanced understanding of identity, balance, and human completeness.
Welfare Strategies for New Muslims in the Prophetic Society and Their Contemporary Applications
Islam is a religion of peace, harmony, and brotherhood, with a strong emphasis on the welfare and betterment of humanity. During the Prophetic era, alongside the established Muslim community, special care was given to the rights, needs, and well-being of newly converted Muslims. They were supported not only through moral and spiritual guidance but also through financial assistance and social integration. Foundational agreements and initiatives such as the Charter of Madinah (Mīthāq al-Madīnah), the Brotherhood (Mu’ākhāt), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and Hilf al-Fuḍūl, as well as the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) sermons and actions, serve as key models for inclusive welfare and community building. This study critically examines the systematic measures employed by the Prophet (PBUH) to ensure the social, financial, and spiritual upliftment of new Muslims in Madinah. Strategies such as educational instruction, emotional and psychological support, economic assistance through the Bayt al-Māl, institutionalized brotherhood, and gradual cultural assimilation are analyzed. Drawing from primary sources including Hadith, Seerah literature, and early Islamic historiography the paper highlights how these welfare mechanisms created an environment of dignity, justice, and prosperity for new Muslims. In its second section, the research explores the relevance of these Prophetic welfare approaches in addressing contemporary challenges faced by new converts to Islam worldwide, such as identity crises, social isolation, and lack of institutional support. The findings suggest that adopting the welfare principles of the Prophetic society not only strengthens individual identity but also contributes to broader goals of social cohesion, human rights, and sustainable development.
An Analytical Study of the Interpretation of al-Kashshāf in Light of the Causes of Differences in Tafsīr
This study undertakes an analytical examination of the phenomenon of differences in Qur’ānic interpretation, with special reference to al-Kashshāf, the celebrated exegesis by al-Zamakhsharī. The article begins by defining disagreement in tafsīr and explaining its scholarly importance within the broader discipline of Qur’ānic studies. It highlights how even the noble Ṣaḥābah (Companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ) occasionally differed in their interpretation of certain verses, illustrating that interpretive variation has been present since the earliest generations. The study then explores the causes of these disagreements, including linguistic diversity, contextual circumstances, juristic reasoning, and methodological approaches to tafsīr. Concrete examples of ikhtilāf al-tafsīr are presented to demonstrate both the challenges and the benefits of scholarly disagreement, such as the enrichment of Qur’ānic understanding and the promotion of intellectual diversity within Islamic thought. The paper then introduces al-Zamakhsharī, the author of Tafsīr al-Kashshāf, outlining his methodology, theological inclinations, and linguistic precision. Selected examples from al-Kashshāf are analyzed to illustrate how interpretive disagreements manifest within his tafsīr, especially regarding issues of grammar, rhetoric, and theological perspectives. In conclusion, the study synthesizes the discussion by emphasizing that disagreement in tafsīr, when conducted within the boundaries of scholarly ethics, can serve as a source of intellectual richness rather than division. Finally, recommendations are offered for contemporary scholars on how to approach and benefit from differences in interpretation, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
Impact of Colorism on Women's Self-Image and Opportunities
Colorism discrimination or prejudice based on skin tone continues to significantly influence women’s psychological well-being, social experiences, and economic opportunities. This study explores how colorism affects women’s self-perception, mental health, and access to professional advancement, focusing on women aged 18 to 50 from varied ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds across both urban and rural settings. Grounded in intersectionality theory, the research analyzes how skin tone intersects with gender, class, and race to create complex and compounded forms of marginalization. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys and in-depth interviews, the findings reveal that women with darker skin tones are more likely to experience diminished self-esteem, heightened psychological stress, and barriers to career growth due to entrenched societal preferences for lighter skin. These biases are perpetuated by media representation, institutional policies, and familial expectations, which together foster internalized colorism and hinder social mobility. The study underscores the pressing need for inclusive public policies, responsible media representation, and culturally responsive mental health support. Colorism is a system of inequality based on skin tone continues to shape the lives of women across the globe. Unlike racism, colorism operates both within and across racial and ethnic communities, favoring lighter skin and marginalizing those with darker complexions. This research investigates how colorism influences women’s self-perception, mental health, and professional opportunities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study draws from current literature and primary survey data from 300 women across urban and rural regions. Results reveal that darker-skinned women consistently report lower self-esteem, higher incidences of workplace discrimination, and limited career mobility. The findings call for targeted interventions in media, education, and corporate policy to dismantle colorist ideologies and promote inclusive representation.
An Analysis of the Critiques of Sufi Doctrines of Sainthood (Walāyah), Miracles (Karāmāt), and the Concept of the Spiritual Master (Shaykh)
The doctrines of walāyah (sainthood), karāmāt (miracles of the saints), and the concept of the shaykh (spiritual master) occupy a central position in Sufi thought and practice. These concepts articulate the spiritual authority of saints, their reception of extraordinary divine gifts, and the pivotal role of the shaykh in mentoring and guiding disciples along the mystical path (ṭarīqah). Historically, such notions have played a vital role in enriching Islamic spirituality, providing adherents with models of piety, discipline, and devotion that transcend the limits of purely legalistic religiosity. They also offered a framework for spiritual pedagogy, communal cohesion, and experiential proximity to the Divine. However, these doctrines have not remained uncontested. Opponents of Sufism particularly within more legalistic and orthodox circles have raised critical concerns regarding the elevation of saints to quasi-sacred status, arguing that excessive veneration risks obscuring tawḥīd (Divine Unity) and creating practices without firm grounding in the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The theological critique often centers on the boundaries between legitimate reverence and potential exaggeration (ghulūw), especially when miracles or intercessionary roles are attributed to the saints. This study undertakes a critical examination of these debates by situating the doctrines of walāyah, karāmāt, and the shaykh within their historical and intellectual contexts. Drawing upon classical Sufi writings as well as critiques from orthodox scholars, it explores the intellectual tensions between mystical spirituality and theological orthodoxy. The findings underscore the dual role of these doctrines as both enriching Islamic spirituality and provoking enduring debates about the limits of human sanctity and religious innovation.
A Labovian Analysis of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014)
This research extends Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model beyond its traditional application to oral and literary narratives by examining its relevance to biographical texts. The research analyzes Ben Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014), a biography focused on Cold War double agent Kim Philby. Labov’s (1972) model identifies six key schemas in a fully developed narrative: abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution, and coda. However, these schemas have not previously been applied to biographies. This research investigates the application of Labov’s (1972) framework to biographical genre and offers new insights into biographical narrative structure. Using a qualitative approach, Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model is employed as the primary analytical framework. The findings of the research revealed that the narrative structure of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014) conforms to the six schemas identified by Labov (1972). This indicates that the model is not only relevant but also valuable for the analysis of biographical text. The research suggests that the model’s application can be extended to other non-fiction genres, such as memoirs and autobiographies, thereby broadening its utility in narrative analysis. Furthermore, this research highlights the significance of the abstract and coda in non-fiction narratives and calls for additional comparative studies across different media, including film and television.
The Scholarly Methodology in Refuting Doubts and Suspensions Of Qādiyānī on the Finality of Prophethood
The doctrine of the Finality of Prophethood stands as a cornerstone of Islamic faith, affirming the completion and perfection of divine revelation with the mission of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Any claim to subsequent prophethood is viewed as a direct challenge to the very foundation of Islamic theology. The Qādiyānī movement, however, has attempted to reinterpret this doctrine through selective linguistic manipulation and theological distortion, presenting the notion of non-legislative prophethood as compatible with Islamic belief. This article critically examines such claims, analyzing the methods by which Qādiyānī arguments seek to exploit ambiguities in scriptural language while disregarding the broader context of Qur’ānic and Prophetic teachings. The study further highlights the scholarly methodologies employed in refuting these arguments, drawing upon Qur’ānic injunctions, authentic Prophetic traditions, rational proofs, and the unanimous consensus of the early Muslim generations. It underscores the intellectual and institutional efforts of Muslim scholars across centuries in safeguarding the integrity of Khatm al-Nubuwwah. The findings affirm that Qādiyānī claims are not only theologically untenable but also historically inconsistent with the established trajectory of Islamic thought. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the necessity of continued scholarly vigilance in addressing such distortions to preserve the authenticity of Islamic doctrine.
The Social System of Islam in the Light of the Teachings of the Prophet (ﷺ)
The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ brought an end to the linguistic, racial, and class-based hierarchies that dominated pre-Islamic society and laid the foundation for a model Islamic civilization rooted in the principles of equality, justice, tolerance, and respect for all humankind. Through pragmatic and far-reaching initiatives such as the Mīthāq al-Madīnah (Constitution of Medina), the Muʾākhāt al-Madīnah (Brotherhood of Medina), and the Ḥilf al-Fuḍūl (Pact of the Virtuous), he fostered an unprecedented sense of equality, social harmony, and communal unity. In addition, transformative moments such as the Fatḥ Makkah (Conquest of Mecca) and the Khuṭbat al-Wadāʿ (Farewell Sermon) reinforced revolutionary concepts of human equality, the sanctity of life and property, and the recognition of the rights of women, orphans, and slaves. These teachings not only dismantled oppressive structures but also redefined social relations by ensuring dignity and justice for every individual regardless of lineage, ethnicity, or class. This paper examines the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings within their historical framework while emphasizing their enduring relevance in contemporary times. It argues that the Prophetic model offers timeless guidance for addressing modern socio-cultural challenges, particularly in establishing a welfare-oriented society grounded in balance, righteousness, and inclusivity. By analyzing these initiatives through a modern lens, the study highlights how the Prophetic legacy can inspire the development of equitable social systems in today’s globalized world.
Hallucinatory Realism in the Short Stories of Mazhar ul Islām: A Study
Mazhar ul Islām is a remarkable figure in contemporary Urdū afsāna (short story writing) who departs from conventional modes of storytelling and embraces innovative, experimental narrative techniques. His afsānay frequently move beyond linear plots, instead weaving together fragmented realities, dreamlike imagery, and profound symbolic layers. Among the most distinctive features of his fiction is the employment of Hallucinatory Realism a postmodern narrative strategy that fuses ḥaqīqat (reality), khwāb (dream), and takhayyul (imagination) into a unified aesthetic and intellectual experience. This study aims to explore, identify, and critically analyze the elements of Hallucinatory Realism in Mazhar ul Islām’s afsānay. Through close textual readings, the research highlights his creative use of imagery, metaphor, and symbolism, showing how his stories dissolve the boundaries between the external world and the inner psyche. His fiction reflects a constant negotiation between the visible and the invisible, the real and the surreal, thereby constructing a unique imaginative landscape. Furthermore, the study situates Mazhar ul Islām within the broader discourse of postmodernism, illustrating how his experimental techniques resonate with global literary trends while simultaneously preserving the cultural, aesthetic, and linguistic distinctiveness of Urdū adab (literature). In doing so, his writings enrich the expressive potential of Urdū afsāna, demonstrating how postmodern narrative strategies can be localized and reshaped to produce original forms of storytelling. By integrating Hallucinatory Realism, Mazhar ul Islām not only broadens the stylistic scope of Urdū fiction but also offers readers new dimensions of perception, meaning, and artistic experience.
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah: A Comparative Ethical Analysis
Stephen R. Covey’s influential work, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, presents a framework grounded in universal principles of effectiveness, including responsibility, vision, prioritization, mutual benefit, empathetic communication, creative cooperation, and continuous self-renewal. While Covey’s model is formulated from a secular and managerial perspective, this paper explores the striking parallels between these habits and the ethical-spiritual foundations of Islam. By critically analyzing each habit in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, the study highlights how Islamic teachings not only align with but also provide a deeper moral and spiritual dimension to Covey’s principles. For instance, the Qur’anic concept of accountability before Allah strengthens the idea of personal responsibility, while the Prophetic model of shūrā (consultation) enriches the principle of cooperative synergy. Similarly, the prioritization of faith and values over worldly pursuits reflects a more holistic understanding of “putting first things first.” Through this comparative approach, the paper demonstrates that the Islamic worldview presents a comprehensive paradigm of effectiveness, where personal growth is inseparable from spiritual consciousness, social responsibility, and ethical conduct. The study concludes that integrating Covey’s habits with Qur’anic and Prophetic guidance offers a balanced framework that combines modern productivity strategies with timeless Islamic principles, thus fostering both individual excellence and collective well-being.
Impact of Teacher Motivation on Performance and Student Achievement at Secondary Level
The study investigates teachers’ motivational factors related to job performance and their impact on students’ achievement at the secondary level. The objectives of the study were: to identify the key motivational factors influencing teachers’ job performance; to analyze the relationship between teachers’ motivation and their job performance; to determine students’ achievement at the secondary level; and to find out the effect of teachers’ job performance on students’ academic achievement at secondary schools. This research employed a quantitative design to examine the motivational factors affecting teachers’ job performance and their influence on students’ academic success at the secondary level. A sample of 300 teachers was selected for this study from both public and private schools. The questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale to collect data on teachers’ motivational factors and job performance. The reliability of the instrument was tested using Cronbach's Alpha, which showed a value of 0.845, indicating high internal consistency and confirming the instrument's reliability. Means, standard deviations, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and independent samples t-test were used for analysis. A strong positive correlation was observed between job performance and student achievement. These results suggest that enhancing teacher motivation may lead to better classroom outcomes and student success. The study underscores the importance of supportive work environments and targeted professional development in educational planning.
A Critical Review of Don Gibson's Views Regarding the Geographical Location of the Cave of Hira
This paper offers a critical examination of Dan Gibson’s controversial theory concerning the geographical location of the Cave of Hira. Gibson, a Canadian orientalist, argues that the original sacred city of Islam was Petra rather than Mecca, thereby attempting to relocate significant Islamic sites including the Cave of Hira to Petra. His claims rely heavily on selective readings of early Islamic texts and perceived geographical inconsistencies within traditional narratives. Central to his argument is the assertion that the Cave of Hira must face the Kaaba and contain pagan carvings, which he interprets as evidence of its Petra-based location. This study demonstrates that such interpretations stem from a misreading of Seerah literature and Hadith traditions, reflecting both linguistic inaccuracies and a lack of contextual understanding. Moreover, the identification of a cave in Petra as the Cave of Hira is shown to be logically and theologically problematic, particularly given its association with idolatrous imagery elements fundamentally opposed to the prophetic mission of Muhammad (peace be upon him). By analyzing Gibson’s methodology and contrasting it with established Islamic scholarship, the paper argues that his theory is speculative, devoid of credible archaeological or textual support, and ultimately misrepresents Islamic sources. The review concludes that Gibson’s approach undermines academic reliability and fails to provide a convincing alternative to the traditional understanding of Mecca as the historical and spiritual center of Islam.
Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis
The current research entitled "Landscape of Digital Learning Trends at Tertiary Education from 2001 to 2024: A Bibliometric Analysis" is timely as higher education increasingly emphasizes digital learning. Research from 2001 to 2024 has established clear targets and collected massive amounts of data to improve the analysis. The current study has four comprehensive and concise research objectives. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric mapping of postsecondary digital learning trends utilizing Dimensions.com's 2,740 articles, 1,227 of which were analyzed. This study analyses well-known authors and their most cited works, publishing and citation patterns, prominent sources, and contributors to digital learning research. The analysis identifies productive countries, authors, and organizations, analyses co-authorship, and measures publication connections with similar terms. Excel was used to analyze yearly publishing trends, and VOS viewer for bibliometrics. The most quoted work of American author Ruiz was found in 2006 through a study. The data shows a rising trend in publishing frequency and citation patterns, especially after 2015, when 33 publications were published and 253 in 2022. This tendency may be due to worldwide technology improvement and the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased online learning. The study also lists productive authors, nations, and journals advancing digital learning. This bibliometric mapping provides a foundational knowledge base of the tertiary level landscape of digital learning research, which will inform future research and educate researchers, educators, and policymakers about the key actors and changing patterns of this field. The findings emphasize the need for digital learning research and collaboration to improve higher education teaching and learning.
Honor Killings in Pakistan: Patriarchy, Law, and the Struggle for Human Rights
Honor killing remains a pervasive issue in Pakistan, primarily rooted in patriarchal norms and cultural traditions that place a disproportionate emphasis on family honor, particularly linked to women’s behavior. This study investigates the socio-cultural, legal, and religious factors contributing to the persistence of honor killings, exploring their frequency, impact, and the complex challenges surrounding their prevention. Despite the enactment of The Anti-Honour Killing Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment Act of 2016), implementation remains inconsistent, largely due to the dominance of customary practices over statutory law. The research highlights how gender inequality, tribal codes, and misinterpretations of religious teachings perpetuate this form of violence. Victims and their families often endure profound emotional trauma, social isolation, and systemic injustice. This study provides a critical review of current legal frameworks and identifies gaps in enforcement, while also offering recommendations for more effective policy implementation. These include strengthening law enforcement mechanisms, promoting legal literacy, and fostering societal awareness to challenge the cultural acceptance of honor-based violence. Furthermore, the paper calls for community-based interventions, educational initiatives, and religious discourse reform to dismantle the ideological foundations of honor killing. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the national and global discourse on human rights by advocating for a multifaceted approach to eradicating honor killings in Pakistan.
This study critically examines Dr. Anis Nagi’s contributions to Urdu translation, positioning him not merely as a linguistic mediator but as an intellectual and cultural facilitator. Nagi’s translations of seminal Western literary works such as those by Franz Kafka, Boris Pasternak, and others played a transformative role in exposing Urdu readership to diverse intellectual, philosophical, and literary traditions. His work significantly enriched Urdu literature by introducing new stylistic, thematic, and linguistic dimensions. The research explores Nagi’s translation methodology, focusing on his creative fidelity, cultural sensitivity, and theoretical orientation. Rather than adhering strictly to literal translation, Nagi adopted a nuanced and interpretive approach that preserved the essence of the original texts while making them accessible and resonant within the Urdu literary context. His translations exemplify a dynamic interplay between source and target cultures, demonstrating his deep understanding of both linguistic structures and cultural frameworks. The study also investigates Nagi’s influence on Urdu literary criticism, vocabulary expansion, and ideological discourse, emphasizing how his work contributed to the evolution of modern Urdu thought. By comparing his practices with those of his contemporaries, the research highlights Nagi’s unique role in redefining translation as a creative and intellectual enterprise rather than a mechanical transfer of language. Ultimately, this study positions Anis Nagi as a pioneer who expanded the scope of Urdu translation, integrating global literary currents into local contexts and reshaping the understanding of translation as a culturally embedded, literary activity.
Analyzing Subjectivity in University Students’ Spoken Discourse
Subjectivity, defined as the presence of personal bias or emotional inclination, often undermines the objectivity required in academic settings. While extensive research has examined subjectivity in written communication, the subjective nature of oral discourse among university students remains an underexplored area. This study investigates the manifestations of subjectivity in the oral discourse of university students through textual analysis of interview data. Grounded in Émile Benveniste’s theory of subjectivity which posits that language is inherently shaped by the speaker’s perspective this research also adopts Alan McKee’s framework for textual analysis to identify linguistic markers of subjectivity. The analysis reveals a prevalent use of self-referential pronouns, emotionally charged vocabulary, and personalized expressions, indicating a consistent pattern of subjective language in students’ spoken interactions. These findings suggest that oral discourse in academic environments is often compromised by personal biases, potentially limiting critical engagement and scholarly rigor. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions in higher education curricula to enhance students’ oral communication skills, particularly by promoting objective discourse practices. Integrating structured training in rhetoric and critical speaking may help cultivate a more balanced and analytical academic culture. Moreover, this research paves the way for future studies to explore the impact of pedagogical strategies on reducing subjectivity in academic speech across various disciplines. Such inquiries may offer deeper insights into how students' spoken communication can be refined to meet the intellectual standards of higher education.