AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal (IRJ) ISSN: 3006-1261[Print] 3006-127X [Online] is an open access double blind peer reviewed, quarterly and trilingual (Urdu, Arabic & English) Research Journal related to the field of Arts & Social Science published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development, Punjab, Pakistan. The editorial team of the Journal is following the rules defined by HEC (Higher Education Commission Pakistan).
Hira institute of Social Science Research & Development
A Comparative Analysis of Machine Translation and Human Translation: Efficacy of Poetry Translation from Urdu to English
Poetry is essentially the most condensed and pragmatically loaded form of art. The daunting task of effectively translating poetry requires avant-garde translating acumen. With the advent of neural machine translation, the debate on Human vs. Machine Translation and the speculation of Machine Translation replacing humans went rife. The current study aims to gauge the efficacy of Google Translate’s (MT) rendering of Iqbal’s poem La Illaha Ilallah as compared to Bashir Ahmed Dar’s Human Translation (HT) of the same poem. Bahir Ahmed Dar published his English translation of the chosen poem in his book ‘Rod of Moses’. This study examines the impact of Antoine Berman’s deforming tendencies on the Machine and Human English translations of Iqbal’s poem La Illaha Ilallah. Moreover, the study aims to find out how lexical elements change in the translations of the source language to make it suitable for the target language audience by adopting the deforming tendencies. It is a qualitative type of study employing Berman’s Model of Twelve Deforming Tendencies to analyze which strategies were used in both the English translation of Iqbal’s Urdu poem. The data of the Source Urdu Text was collected from the Internet Archive, and that of Human Translation was taken from Bashir A. Dar’s book Rod of Moses. To generate the Machine Translation, Google Translate was used to generate the MT output. The results indicated that the MT of the work suffered from lexical mismatches, destruction of rhythm and destruction of vernacular networks, rendering an erroneous and vague translation, while HT managed to retain the cultural and contextual essence of the source text. The findings also revealed that the Human translation also faced many deformative tendencies but successfully maintained the genre and social stance of the author. Overall, it appears that poetry translation may benefit from a human translator's profound attention to cultural and contextual detail, which is ignored by NMT tools such as Google Translate, leading to inconsistencies in the translation.
Dr. F. Abdul Rahim and His Pedagogical Methodology in Duroos al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah li-Ghayr al-Nāṭiqīn bihā
This study examines the pedagogical and methodological framework adopted by Dr. F. Abdul Rahim in his renowned instructional series Duroos al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah li-Ghayr al-Nāṭiqīn bihā. The research aims to analyze the linguistic, educational, and instructional principles underlying this widely used work, particularly in the context of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. The series has gained significant recognition, especially at the Islamic University of Madinah, where it has been extensively utilized in Arabic language programs. Employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the study explores the structural organization of the series, its systematic and gradual presentation of linguistic components, and its emphasis on immersive language acquisition without reliance on a mediating language. Special attention is given to the integration of grammar, vocabulary, and communicative practice within carefully structured lessons that promote progressive language mastery. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of Dr. Abdul Rahim’s methodology stems from its successful combination of classical Arabic authenticity with contemporary language-teaching strategies. By maintaining fidelity to traditional grammatical foundations while incorporating modern pedagogical principles, the series provides a balanced and practical approach to language instruction. Consequently, Duroos al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah stands as a highly influential and effective model in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language, contributing significantly to the development of structured Arabic language pedagogy for non-native learners.
Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (TAFL),
سورت النسآء میں استنباط کے ذریعہ تعلیل احکام
Sūrah al-Nisāʾ is a Madinan sūrah consisting of 176 verses and 24 rukūʿāt. It is the fourth chapter of the Holy Qurʾān and derives its name from the extensive discussion of rulings related to women contained within it. The explanation of the underlying reason or cause of a matter is termed taʿlīl, and when applied to legal injunctions, it is referred to as taʿlīl al-aḥkām. In Islamic legal theory, an unspecified ruling may be determined by drawing an analogy (qiyās) with a specified ruling, based on a shared effective cause (ʿillah). Another important dimension of taʿlīl is the recognition that Sharīʿah rulings are grounded in wisdom and benefit (maṣlaḥah) for humanity. The causes underlying legal rulings are generally categorized into two types: explicit (manṣūṣ) causes, which are directly stated in the text, and derived (mustanbaṭ) causes, which are inferred through juristic reasoning. Through an analytical examination of various classical and contemporary exegeses of Sūrah al-Nisāʾ, this study identifies approximately twelve derived causes associated with its legal injunctions. These have been systematically compiled and analyzed in the research. The study offers a novel methodological contribution by organizing and presenting the inferred rationales identified by Qurʾānic commentators in a structured and coherent manner, thereby providing a fresh perspective on the jurisprudential analysis of the sūrah’s legal directives.
The Prophetic Method of Education in the Light of Modern Psychological and Social Sciences
This research investigates the pedagogical methodology of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and its relevance to modern psychological and social sciences. The study demonstrates that the Prophet’s educational model was comprehensive, addressing not only intellectual and cognitive aspects but also emotional, moral, spiritual, and social dimensions of human growth. Unlike many contemporary approaches that focus primarily on technical or behavioral aspects, the Prophetic model integrates compassion, empathy, gradual training, and moral guidance into the very fabric of education. The findings highlight several dimensions of this pedagogy. First, positive reinforcement and encouragement were central to the Prophet’s method, which aligns with modern psychology’s emphasis on affirmation for building self-confidence and resilience. Second, his approach to anger management and emotional regulation resonates strongly with contemporary theories of emotional intelligence, emphasizing patience, self-control, and empathy. Third, social training within family and community structures formed a critical element, ensuring children developed responsibility, cooperation, and respect for others. Fourth, the use of practical role-modeling demonstrates the principle that children and youth learn most effectively through lived examples rather than abstract instruction. This study concludes that Prophetic pedagogy not only predates but also surpasses modern educational theories by presenting a timeless, human-centered, and holistic approach. It provides valuable insights for contemporary parents, educators, and policymakers seeking to integrate ethical, emotional, and social dimensions into effective education and training systems.
The Representation of Punjabi Culture in Ashfaq Ahmed’s Short Story Collection “Subḥānay Afāsānay”
Culture represents the intellectual and material expressions of human communities living within a specific geographical region. Its intellectual dimensions shape both the inner and outer aspects of life, guiding individuals in the art of living and sustaining social relationships. These elements influence customs associated with festivals, fairs, and significant events related to life and death. Similarly, the patterns developed by a community to regulate both internal thought and external behavior constitute its traditions and customs. To preserve and transmit these traditions, each generation educates the next, ensuring cultural continuity. Society, therefore, emerges as a collective and comprehensive process in which individuals adhere to an established way of life. This cultural framework operates simultaneously at both internal and external levels, shaping beliefs as well as social practices. Culture is not static; it is continuously influenced by multiple factors that shape and reshape it over time. Historical circumstances, natural calamities, political forces, and social movements all play a significant role in the formation and organization of cultural identity. In this context, the depiction of Punjab in Ashfaq Ahmed’s short stories provides valuable insight into twentieth-century Punjabi society. His fiction reflects the cultural values, traditions, and social forces prevalent during his era. Through his portrayal of everyday life, Ashfaq Ahmed captures both individual experiences and collective realities, offering a vivid representation of Punjabi culture and its evolving social landscape.
A Critical Review of Objections to Īṣāl al-Thawāb, Samāʿ al-Mawtā, and the Construction of Mosques at Shrines
Critics of Ṣūfism have raised objections to the practices of Īṣāl al-Thawāb, Samāʿ al-Mawtā, and the construction of mosques at shrines. According to Ghulām Aḥmad Parwez, the belief in Īṣāl al-Thawāb is un-Qurʾānic. From his perspective of divine recompense, every individual bears the consequence of his or her own actions, and such outcomes cannot be transferred to another person, whether living or deceased. This study seeks to examine, in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, whether one person can benefit another in the intermediate or the Hereafter life. Parwez’s viewpoint will be critically analyzed in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, as well as through the perspectives of the Prophet’s teachings, the understanding of the Companions, and the established practice of the Muslim Ummah, in order to determine the juristic and doctrinal status of Īṣāl al-Thawāb. Another significant issue raised by critics is that of Samāʿ al-Mawtā. According to Parwez, the dead do not possess the capacity to hear, whereas the Ṣūfīs affirm this belief. The arguments presented by Parwez regarding Samāʿ al-Mawtā will be examined analytically, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the issue in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, with the aim of reaching its doctrinal reality. Among issues related to shrines, a fundamental concern is the construction of mosques near graves. Sayyid Abū al-Aʿlā Mawdūdī regarded the construction of mosques adjacent to the shrines of saints as tantamount to an act of shirk. His arguments will first be analyzed critically, followed by an evaluation of this viewpoint in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah. Scholarly opinions of later researchers will also be reviewed to determine the legal status of constructing mosques near graves. After an analytical study of these three issues, the research will conclude by assessing the validity of the criticisms and clarifying the correct position of these matters in the light of the Qurʾān and Sunnah.
Divorce and Inheritance Rights of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim States: A Legal and Social Review
Muslim minorities residing in non-Muslim states face considerable legal and social challenges in matters of family law, particularly with regard to divorce and inheritance. Although Islamic law provides a comprehensive and well-developed framework for regulating these issues, secular legal systems in Europe and the United States often offer limited recognition to religious legal norms. This article critically examines the legal status of Muslim divorce and inheritance in non-Muslim states through the theoretical lenses of legal pluralism and religious freedom. Adopting a qualitative and comparative research approach, the study explores the tensions between secular legal frameworks and Islamic family law, highlighting the resulting social and legal implications for Muslim minority communities. Particular attention is given to the impact of these legal constraints on Muslim women, who frequently face heightened vulnerability due to overlapping legal, cultural, and social pressures. The findings reveal that inadequate accommodation of Islamic family law within secular legal systems contributes to legal uncertainty and insecurity among Muslim minorities. Such conditions often lead to difficulties in the recognition of marital status, enforcement of divorce settlements, and protection of inheritance rights. The article argues that these challenges can be mitigated through increased legal awareness within Muslim communities, proper civil documentation of marriages and wills, and the development of constructive dialogue between state authorities and religious minority representatives. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the need for balanced legal solutions that respect both the principles of secular law and the fundamental rights of religious minorities.
A Stylistic Analysis of Figurative Language in Contemporary English Song Lyrics: Metaphor and Symbolism in 'Demons' and 'Let It Go'
This paper presents a stylistic analysis of two popular English songs Demons” by Imagine Dragons and “Let It Go” by Idina Menzel focusing on their use of figurative language, particularly metaphor and symbolism. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, the study explores how figurative devices contribute to the emotional tone, thematic development, and listener engagement within the songs. The analysis reveals that “Demons” employs dark metaphors and reference imagery to dramatize themes of psychological struggle, inner conflict, and moral doubt. In contrast, “Let It Go” utilizes liberating metaphors and open symbolism to express emotional freedom, self-acceptance, and personal empowerment. By juxtaposing these two works, the study highlights how figurative language serves as a powerful tool in constructing contrasting emotional narratives and conveying complex psychological states. The comparative approach underscores the versatility of metaphor and symbolism in shaping the listener’s emotional experience and reinforcing thematic contrasts between repression and liberation. Moreover, the study emphasizes the pedagogical value of analyzing song lyrics as authentic literary texts. Incorporating such materials into English language and literature classrooms can enhance learners’ understanding of stylistic variation, pragmatic meaning, and cultural awareness. Ultimately, the research contributes to the broader field of stylistics by demonstrating how contemporary music reflects universal human emotions through artistic language, thereby bridging the gap between linguistic creativity and emotional expression in modern popular culture.
Cultural Identity and Pragmatic Competence: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Punjabi and Pashto Learners of English in Pakistan
This study examines the influence of cultural identity on pragmatic competence among Punjabi and Pashto speakers learning English in Pakistan. It explores how learners perform speech acts such as requests, refusals, and apologies, focusing on how sociocultural norms shape their communicative strategies. Grounded in the framework of Interlanguage Pragmatics and constructivist epistemology, the study employs both Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) and semi-structured interviews to collect data from students and instructors. Through thematic analysis, distinctive pragmatic tendencies were observed. Punjabi learners exhibited a preference for directness and pragmatic efficiency, which sometimes compromised relational politeness. In contrast, Pashto learners demonstrated a tendency toward indirectness, elaborate politeness expressions, and a higher concern for maintaining social harmony and respect. These differences reflect how deeply cultural identity and social hierarchy influence communicative behavior in English as a second language context. The findings reveal that pragmatic transfer—both positive and negative—occurs frequently and is strongly rooted in learners’ cultural frameworks. The study highlights that effective English language teaching should integrate elements of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy to address such variations. It further emphasizes the need for cross-cultural awareness, pragmatic flexibility, and role-based communicative training in ELT classrooms. By bridging culture and language learning, this research contributes to a more inclusive understanding of how local identities shape global communication practices.
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The Role of the United Nations in Peace and Conflict: A Critical Analysis
This study examines critically the role of the United Nations (UN) in dealing with the various existing conflicts around the world and the issues it faces in fulfilling its fundamental mission of peace and security. In spite of the fact that the UN plays a pivotal role in the management of international issues, it is not effectively responding towards complex crisis situations, especially in some regions like Palestine, Ukraine, the Middle East, South Asia, etc since 2020. The limitations of the UN to adapt to rapidly changing geopolitical landscapes and conflicting interests of member states are apparent in these respective regions. càr is the credibility of the UN'scollapse in Afghanistan specifically and unz security Council generally with the focus on how the UN has responded to the conflicts through peaciphilie efforts, humanitarian assistance and diplomatic action. It examines UN's successes and failures in these areas with important obstacles reducing its effectiveness, such as politics tearing it apart, a lack of resources, and a lack of enforcement power. The aim of the study is to assess the overall effectiveness of the UN and the external and internal challenges it is facing in conflict resolution.By means of this study, content analysis of secondary sources has been adopted, which included the official UN reports, resolutions and academic literature as well as the news articles and the expert analyses. By combing through these materials, the paper presents a comprehensive picture of the UN's interventions and outcomes of those interventions. Results from the research showed that although the UN has made significant attempts in intervening in situations, it is often disabled by political and structural constraints. The study concludes that there is a great need for reform in order to enhance the UN's ability to respond better and more impartially to global challenges.
An Analytical study of the Balance of Ecosystems: Islamic Teachings on the Harmony between Living and Non-Living Components of Nature
This paper examines the Islamic perspective on environmental balance, emphasizing the harmonious relationship between living and non-living components of the natural world. Islam presents nature as a divinely created and purposefully designed system in which every element functions within a precise order. Through an analysis of selected Qurʾānic verses and Aḥādīth, the study highlights how the Earth is portrayed as a perfectly balanced framework established by Allah. The concept of Mīzān is central to Islamic teachings and reflects the intricate interdependence that exists among all elements of ecological systems. Human beings are described in Islam as Khalīfah on Earth, entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining and protecting the environment. This stewardship entails the ethical use of natural resources, avoidance of wastefulness, and respect for all forms of life. The study also discusses the consequences of disrupting environmental balance, such as ecological degradation, climate instability, and social injustice, and links these outcomes to human negligence and ethical failure. Emphasis is placed on the importance of promoting environmental awareness through Islamic values and practices, including moderation, accountability, and collective responsibility. Ultimately, the paper underscores the relevance of Islamic teachings in addressing contemporary environmental challenges. By integrating spiritual consciousness with ecological responsibility, Islam provides a comprehensive ethical framework that encourages sustainable coexistence with nature and fosters a deep sense of respect for the environment as a trust from Allah.
Iqbāl's Concept of Ummah, the Palestinian Issue and Present Situation: An Intellectual Study
This research paper explores Allama Muḥammad Iqbāl’s concept of the Muslim Ummah (Millat) in the context of the Palestinian issue. Iqbāl conceptualized the Ummah not as a racial, ethnic, or territorial entity but as a spiritual and ideological community grounded in Islamic faith and shared moral values. His vision of Muslim unity transcends geographical boundaries and emphasizes a collective consciousness shaped by belief, purpose, and a common destiny. The paper examines Iqbāl’s deep concern for the suffering of Palestinian Muslims, as reflected in his poetry, prose writings, speeches, and letters. Iqbāl viewed the Palestinian issue not merely as a regional or political conflict but as a matter of profound significance for the entire Muslim world. He perceived it as a symbol of the broader decline and disunity of the Ummah. His writings strongly criticize Western imperialism and Zionist occupation, warning Muslims against political subjugation and intellectual dependency. Through a critical analysis of Iqbāl’s thought, the study highlights how his philosophy links spiritual awakening with political consciousness and moral responsibility. Iqbāl consistently called for self-realization (khudī), unity, and resistance against oppression as essential elements for the revival of the Muslim Ummah. The paper concludes that Iqbāl’s ideas remain highly relevant in the contemporary era. His emphasis on unity, faith-based solidarity, and resistance to injustice offers enduring intellectual and moral guidance for addressing ongoing challenges faced by Muslims, particularly the persistent humanitarian and political crisis in Palestine.
Measuring English Vocabulary Size of First and Last Semester Students of Foundation University
This study compares the English vocabulary knowledge of first-semester and final-semester students at Foundation University to examine the extent of vocabulary development during undergraduate education. The primary objective of the research is to determine whether students’ language proficiency, specifically vocabulary size, increases over the course of their university studies. The sample consists of one hundred undergraduate students drawn from various academic disciplines. Data were collected using TestYourVocab.com, an online vocabulary assessment tool. A descriptive and comparative research design was employed to analyze and compare the vocabulary sizes of the two groups. The findings indicate that final-semester students possess a larger English vocabulary than first-semester students, suggesting that vocabulary growth does occur over time in a university setting. However, the relatively modest difference between the two groups implies that vocabulary development may not occur naturally or sufficiently without deliberate instructional support. This finding highlights the limitations of incidental vocabulary acquisition in EFL contexts and underscores the need for structured and systematic vocabulary instruction. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous, vocabulary-focused teaching strategies in undergraduate English language programs. It also offers practical implications for English language teachers, curriculum developers, and academic institutions, suggesting that targeted vocabulary instruction can play a crucial role in enhancing students’ overall language proficiency and academic success.
First-Semester and Final-Semester Comparison
Stylistics of Iqbal: A Stylistic Analysis of “Shikwā”
Stylistics has long been recognized as the linguistic study of texts. In its contemporary understanding, however, stylistics extends beyond the analysis of linguistic components to examine how language choices convey meaning and produce aesthetic effects. Foregrounding is one of the central concepts in stylistic analysis. It refers to a technique through which a writer or poet deliberately deviates from or parallels conventional language patterns in order to attract the reader’s attention and establish a distinctive style. The long poem Shikwā by Muḥammad Iqbāl has remained an enduring favorite among Urdu literary critics and has increasingly drawn the attention of stylisticians. This paper seeks to explore how Iqbāl’s poetic style emerges through the systematic making and breaking of linguistic norms. It specifically examines the use of linguistic parallelism and linguistic deviation as key foregrounding devices that contribute to the poem’s stylistic richness. By analyzing these stylistic features, the study demonstrates how Iqbāl transforms language into a powerful expressive medium, enabling Shikwā to achieve both emotional depth and intellectual impact. The paper argues that the conscious manipulation of linguistic patterns not only enhances the poem’s aesthetic appeal but also secures its status as a timeless masterpiece of Urdu poetry.
Patriarchal Power and Nature: An Eco-Feministic Study of Sara Macdonald’s In a Kingdom by the Sea
Using the theoretical framework of ecofeminism, this article examines the intersection of feminism and ecology in Sara MacDonald’s novel In a Kingdom by the Sea. The study explores how the novel critiques patriarchal power structures by portraying women’s lived experiences and their relationship with the natural environment. Drawing on Karen J. Warren’s ecofeminist theory, the analysis highlights the parallel processes through which women are marginalized and nature is exploited within patriarchal societies. The article emphasizes how MacDonald’s narrative resists systems of domination and challenges hierarchical dualisms such as man/woman and nature/culture. By deconstructing these binaries, the novel reveals the interconnected oppression of women and the environment. The study argues that In a Kingdom by the Sea presents an ecofeminist vision that promotes harmony, care, and ethical responsibility toward both women and nature. Ultimately, the article demonstrates that MacDonald’s work not only critiques gender-based and ecological injustices but also offers an alternative perspective that foregrounds mutual respect, sustainability, and interconnectedness. Through an ecofeminist lens, the novel emerges as a powerful literary response to contemporary social and environmental concerns.
The Literary Formation of European Society in the Travelogue "Europe is Europe"
Travelogues have long occupied a significant place in understanding the social structure, history, and culture of different regions. In his travelogue Europe Is Europe, Yaqoob Nizami presents European society, history, and civilization with clarity and literary elegance, rendering the work valuable for both general readers and scholars of travel literature. During his travels across Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland, the author not only documents historic monuments, cities, streets, lakes, and castles but also offers keen observations of social behavior, human values, and moral attitudes. This travelogue transcends the conventional boundaries of travel writing and emerges as a reflective and analytical account of European culture and society. Through his close engagement with everyday life, Yaqoob Nizami enables readers to experience European social realities, historical consciousness, and civilizational patterns from an intimate perspective. The narrative carefully examines local lifestyles, architectural aesthetics, social norms, and religious traditions, providing a nuanced portrayal of European society. A central argument advanced in the travelogue is that the true essence of civilization does not rest solely on material advancement or technological progress. Rather, it is rooted in human character, social responsibility, moral discipline, and a collective sense of justice. By emphasizing these values, Europe Is Europe offers a critical reflection on modern civilization and invites readers to reassess commonly held assumptions about progress and development. The travelogue thus stands as an insightful contribution to contemporary Urdu travel literature and cultural discourse.
An Analysis of the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah Reflected in the Fatāwā
Fatwās in Islamic jurisprudence function not only as legal opinions but also as practical expressions of the higher objectives of the Sharīʿah, known as Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. These objectives seek to preserve religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property, thereby ensuring human welfare in both spiritual and social dimensions. This study critically examines selected fatwās issued in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, through the analytical framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in order to evaluate their conformity with the overarching aims of Islamic law. Employing a qualitative analytical methodology, the research analyzes fatwās related to religious practices, family and tribal disputes, financial matters, and contemporary social issues. The findings reveal that, in general, the fatwās under review uphold the core objectives of the Sharīʿah, particularly the protection of religion and life. However, certain rulings demonstrate limited engagement with contemporary social, psychological, and economic realities, indicating the need for a more comprehensive application of Maqāṣid-oriented reasoning. The study concludes that the systematic incorporation of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah into local fatwā practices can enhance their relevance, effectiveness, and responsiveness to modern societal challenges. Such an approach would contribute to a more balanced, just, and context-sensitive application of Islamic legal guidance, aligning traditional jurisprudence with contemporary needs.
Fatwās, Islamic jurisprudence, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Sharīʿah objectives, Legal reasoning, Social justice, Contemporary issues, Qualitative analysis, Islamic legal guidance.
An Analysis of the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah Discussed in Imdād al-Aḥkām
This research article examines the application of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (the Objectives of Islamic Law) and Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims) as reflected in the renowned fiqh compendium Imdād al-Aḥkām. The work comprises the juristic verdicts (fatāwā) of two eminent scholars of the Indian subcontinent, Mawlānā Ẓafar Aḥmad ʿUthmānī and Muftī ʿAbd al-Karīm Gumat̤hlawī. Their scholarly contributions represent a rich synthesis of Ḥanafī jurisprudence, Prophetic traditions, reports of the Companions, and foundational principles of Islamic legal theory. The study begins with an overview of Imdād al-Aḥkām, focusing on its compilation, structure, and the juristic methodologies adopted by its authors. It then presents an analytical examination of selected fatāwā in light of the five universally recognized objectives of the Sharīʿah: the protection of religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), intellect (ḥifẓ al-ʿaql), lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and property (ḥifẓ al-māl). Through representative case studies, the article demonstrates how these objectives are consistently integrated into legal reasoning, ensuring a balance between adherence to textual sources and consideration of social welfare. Moreover, the research highlights the extensive use of major legal maxims—such as al-yaqīn lā yazūlu bi al-shakk (certainty is not removed by doubt)—in resolving complex juristic issues. This methodological reliance reinforces coherence, moderation, and consistency in legal verdicts. The findings reveal that Imdād al-Aḥkām is not merely a compilation of fatāwā but a comprehensive model of principled jurisprudence grounded in maqāṣid-oriented and rule-based reasoning. The study concludes by emphasizing the work’s continued relevance for contemporary Islamic legal discourse and recommends further academic research, curricular inclusion, and digital preservation of this significant juristic legacy.
Imdād al-Aḥkām, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah, Ḥanafī jurisprudence, Fatāwā, Islamic legal theory, Juristic reasoning, Mawlānā Ẓafar Aḥmad ʿUthmānī, Muftī ʿAbd al-Karīm Gumat̤hlawi.
A Social and Feminist Analysis of the Autobiography of Māh Pārah Ṣafdar
Mahpārah Ṣafdar is a renowned newsreader, columnist, and journalist who began her professional career in 1977 as a newscaster with Pakistan Television (PTV). In 1980, she joined Radio Pakistan News, further strengthening her presence in broadcast journalism. In 1990, she became part of the BBC Urdu Service, where she served for twenty-five years, presenting various programs and contributing columns based on her personal memories and professional experiences for the BBC Urdu website. In 2022, she published her autobiography, Mērā Zamāna, Merī Kahānī, through Jhelum Book Corner. The autobiography is divided into three major parts: the first focuses on her childhood, the second narrates her university life along with reflections on Pakistan’s political history from 1970 to 1980, and the third documents her experiences as a journalist working in London with the BBC Urdu Service. Through her life journey, Mahpārah Ṣafdar addresses numerous personal and professional challenges that reflect broader societal issues, particularly social inequality and systemic constraints faced by women within a patriarchal framework. Her narrative highlights the significance of feminist consciousness in interpreting these experiences and illustrates how she negotiated space, agency, and recognition within a male-dominated media industry. The autobiography thus serves as an important text for understanding the intersection of gender, media, and social structures in contemporary South Asian society.
Reality vs. Simulation: A Postmodernist Analysis of the Hyperreality in Agency by Gibson
This research examines how Agency by Gibson depicts Baudrillard’s (1981) concept of the precession of simulacra. The research particularly investigates the gradual disappearance of reality through four stages of simulation. It employs qualitative textual analysis as its primary method and employs Baudrillard’s (1981) framework as a theoretical framework. The findings reveal that Agency mirrors Baudrillard’s four stages. The first order retains referential realism. The second distorts reality through algorithmic mediation. The third order exposes the absence of an original referent through the concept of the stub, and the fourth order achieves full hyperreality embodied in the autonomous AI, Eunice. The findings demonstrated that in the digital age, representation not only replaces but also generates reality. The research contributes to postmodern literary scholarship by confirming that Gibson’s Agency does not merely depict hyperreality, but it also performs it. These findings reinforce Baudrillard’s (1981) view that simulation has become the dominant mode of postmodern literature. Future research could further explore how contemporary digital fiction continues to enact this transition from representation to pure simulation, offering new perspectives on the ontology of the postmodern novel.
G͟hulām Aḥmad Parvēz’s Thought: An Analytical Review of Traditional Religious Practices
This study presents an analytical review of traditional religious practices—such as wasīlah (intercession), taʿvīẓ va dam (amulets and incantations), and ʿurs (saintly commemorations)—in the perspective of Ghulam Ahmad Parwez’s thought. Parwez, a prominent twentieth-century Qur’an-oriented reformist scholar, critically challenged ritualistic and mystical elements that, in his view, emerged from post-Qur’anic traditions and cultural influences rather than from the original Islamic message. According to Parwez, practices involving the seeking of spiritual assistance through saints, objects, or rituals undermine the Qur’anic concept of tawḥīd and human accountability, shifting focus from personal effort and Divine guidance to intermediaries and supernatural expectations. This research explores Parwez’s epistemological framework, which prioritizes the Qur’an as the sole authoritative source for belief and practice, while questioning the role of classical jurisprudence, Sufi traditions, and popular religiosity in shaping Muslim society. The study further examines his criticism of shrine culture and the commercialization of religious rituals, arguing that such practices reinforce passivity, social stagnation, and dependency on religious authorities. Through textual analysis of Parwez’s writings and contemporary scholarly evaluations, the research highlights both the strengths and limitations of his reformist approach. The findings suggest that Parwez’s critique contributes significantly to modern Islamic reform discourse by advocating rationality, socio-economic development, and direct engagement with the Qur’anic worldview. However, his dismissal of centuries-old interpretive traditions has also been viewed as reductionist by many scholars. Overall, the study offers a balanced assessment of Parwez’s perspectives and their implications for understanding traditional religious practices in contemporary Muslim contexts.
Discourses on Rhythm in Urdu Prose Poetry
The Urdu prose poem represents a critical juncture in the evolution of Urdu literary aesthetics, situated between the classical traditions of metrical poetry and the innovations of Western literary forms. Classical Urdu poetry, deeply influenced by Arabic and Persian prosody, has always regarded āhang (rhythm) as central to poetic expression, closely tied to meter, rhyme, and musicality. The introduction of the prose poem challenged these conventions, raising questions about whether poetry can exist without traditional metrics and how rhythm could be realized in a form that is primarily prosaic.Critics such as Dr. Unwan Chishti, Dr. Ibn-e-Fareed, Karamat Ali Karamat, Wazir Agha, Gopi Chand Narang, and Anis Nagi have explored this problem by distinguishing between ʿarūḍī āhang (metrical rhythm) and dākhilī or organic rhythm. While metrical rhythm depends on syllabic patterns, the internal rhythm of the prose poem emerges from semantic flow, emotional intensity, and syntactic modulation. This shift underscores the Urdu prose poem’s experimental nature: it negotiates the inherited poetic norms while striving for an independent rhythm derived from linguistic and thematic dynamics rather than prosody.The debates highlight a persistent tension: traditionalists see rhythm as inseparable from poetry, whereas modernists argue that the prose poem generates its own musicality through expression and thought. Consequently, Urdu prose poetry remains a contested yet innovative form, where rhythm is redefined and poetry is expanded beyond classical structures. Its significance lies not only in challenging the conventional notion of āhang but also in establishing a distinctive aesthetic space that bridges the continuity of Urdu literary tradition with modern experimentation.
Guidance for Educational Institutions and Members of Society Regarding Technology: In the Light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah
The process of education and learning remains a continuous and dynamic phenomenon throughout human life, occurring both consciously and unconsciously, and enabling individuals to acquire new competencies over time. In the contemporary era, technology particularly the widespread use of mobile phones has significantly influenced all spheres of life, playing a central role in education, healthcare, agriculture, and socio-economic development. Acknowledging these realities, both traditional religious seminaries and modern educational institutions are increasingly integrating contemporary sciences and technological knowledge into their curricula, with the objective of preparing students to effectively balance religious values with the demands of the modern world. The Qur’an and Sunnah emphasize research, inquiry, and the pursuit of beneficial knowledge, thereby underscoring the necessity of adapting pedagogical methods in accordance with changing circumstances. Within this framework, the roles of parents, teachers, and society at large become critical in guiding the younger generation toward moral discernment and fostering a constructive engagement with technology. Through such collective and coordinated efforts, it becomes possible to cultivate a generation that not only safeguards Islamic values but also excels in scientific and technical competencies, thereby contributing to societal progress, stability, and sustainable development.
A Research Study on the Prophetic Characteristics (Khaṣā’iṣ al-Nabī) of Muhammad ﷺ in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
The characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as illuminated by the Qur’an, offer profound insights into his unparalleled role as the Seal of the Prophets and his distinct position in the divine order of messengership. While he shares several essential traits with earlier Prophets such as conveying divine revelation, embodying moral excellence, and guiding humanity toward righteousness the Qur’an distinctly emphasizes his universal mission and timeless relevance. Unlike previous messengers whose guidance was limited to specific nations or eras, the Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH) transcends boundaries of race, geography, and time, addressing the entirety of humankind. The Qur’an, his supreme and everlasting miracle, stands as the most powerful evidence of his truthfulness and divine appointment. This study explores both the shared and unique attributes of the Prophet’s personality and mission, underscoring the divine wisdom manifested through his life, character, and teachings. It further examines how these characteristics such as mercy, patience, justice, humility, and universality form the moral and spiritual foundation of Islamic civilization. By analyzing Qur’anic verses that delineate his special status and responsibilities, the research seeks to deepen the understanding of his Prophethood’s comprehensive nature. Ultimately, the study highlights how the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) exemplary character continues to serve as an enduring model for individuals and societies striving for moral perfection and divine proximity.
The Four Stages of Anima in the Short Stories of Khālid Saeed
Woman represents the very essence and creative spirit of the universe an indispensable force without which existence remains incomplete. Endowed by nature with biological, emotional, and psychological attributes that mirror those of her masculine counterpart, she embodies a unique harmony of balance and contrast. Within this framework, Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious introduces the concept of the Anima the feminine image within the male psyche manifesting in four progressive stages of development. This study critically explores Khalid Saeed’s short stories through the lens of Jungian psychology, particularly the four stages of the Anima. It argues that Khalid Saeed not only internalizes his Anima but also artistically externalizes it through his female characters, each representing different aspects of feminine evolution. His fiction portrays diverse dimensions of womanhood ranging from physical beauty and romantic idealization to sensual expression, spiritual insight, and intellectual wisdom. Through textual analysis, this research highlights how Saeed’s narratives transcend traditional gender portrayals, presenting womanhood as both a mirror of male consciousness and a symbol of universal equilibrium. His stories thus serve as a metaphorical dialogue between the masculine and feminine principles, reflecting an inherent desire for psychological and creative wholeness. Ultimately, this study situates Khalid Saeed’s work within the broader discourse of gender representation in Urdu literature, illustrating how his depiction of Anima contributes to a nuanced understanding of identity, balance, and human completeness.
Welfare Strategies for New Muslims in the Prophetic Society and Their Contemporary Applications
Islam is a religion of peace, harmony, and brotherhood, with a strong emphasis on the welfare and betterment of humanity. During the Prophetic era, alongside the established Muslim community, special care was given to the rights, needs, and well-being of newly converted Muslims. They were supported not only through moral and spiritual guidance but also through financial assistance and social integration. Foundational agreements and initiatives such as the Charter of Madinah (Mīthāq al-Madīnah), the Brotherhood (Mu’ākhāt), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and Hilf al-Fuḍūl, as well as the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) sermons and actions, serve as key models for inclusive welfare and community building. This study critically examines the systematic measures employed by the Prophet (PBUH) to ensure the social, financial, and spiritual upliftment of new Muslims in Madinah. Strategies such as educational instruction, emotional and psychological support, economic assistance through the Bayt al-Māl, institutionalized brotherhood, and gradual cultural assimilation are analyzed. Drawing from primary sources including Hadith, Seerah literature, and early Islamic historiography the paper highlights how these welfare mechanisms created an environment of dignity, justice, and prosperity for new Muslims. In its second section, the research explores the relevance of these Prophetic welfare approaches in addressing contemporary challenges faced by new converts to Islam worldwide, such as identity crises, social isolation, and lack of institutional support. The findings suggest that adopting the welfare principles of the Prophetic society not only strengthens individual identity but also contributes to broader goals of social cohesion, human rights, and sustainable development.
An Analytical Study of the Interpretation of al-Kashshāf in Light of the Causes of Differences in Tafsīr
This study undertakes an analytical examination of the phenomenon of differences in Qur’ānic interpretation, with special reference to al-Kashshāf, the celebrated exegesis by al-Zamakhsharī. The article begins by defining disagreement in tafsīr and explaining its scholarly importance within the broader discipline of Qur’ānic studies. It highlights how even the noble Ṣaḥābah (Companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ) occasionally differed in their interpretation of certain verses, illustrating that interpretive variation has been present since the earliest generations. The study then explores the causes of these disagreements, including linguistic diversity, contextual circumstances, juristic reasoning, and methodological approaches to tafsīr. Concrete examples of ikhtilāf al-tafsīr are presented to demonstrate both the challenges and the benefits of scholarly disagreement, such as the enrichment of Qur’ānic understanding and the promotion of intellectual diversity within Islamic thought. The paper then introduces al-Zamakhsharī, the author of Tafsīr al-Kashshāf, outlining his methodology, theological inclinations, and linguistic precision. Selected examples from al-Kashshāf are analyzed to illustrate how interpretive disagreements manifest within his tafsīr, especially regarding issues of grammar, rhetoric, and theological perspectives. In conclusion, the study synthesizes the discussion by emphasizing that disagreement in tafsīr, when conducted within the boundaries of scholarly ethics, can serve as a source of intellectual richness rather than division. Finally, recommendations are offered for contemporary scholars on how to approach and benefit from differences in interpretation, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
Impact of Colorism on Women's Self-Image and Opportunities
Colorism discrimination or prejudice based on skin tone continues to significantly influence women’s psychological well-being, social experiences, and economic opportunities. This study explores how colorism affects women’s self-perception, mental health, and access to professional advancement, focusing on women aged 18 to 50 from varied ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds across both urban and rural settings. Grounded in intersectionality theory, the research analyzes how skin tone intersects with gender, class, and race to create complex and compounded forms of marginalization. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys and in-depth interviews, the findings reveal that women with darker skin tones are more likely to experience diminished self-esteem, heightened psychological stress, and barriers to career growth due to entrenched societal preferences for lighter skin. These biases are perpetuated by media representation, institutional policies, and familial expectations, which together foster internalized colorism and hinder social mobility. The study underscores the pressing need for inclusive public policies, responsible media representation, and culturally responsive mental health support. Colorism is a system of inequality based on skin tone continues to shape the lives of women across the globe. Unlike racism, colorism operates both within and across racial and ethnic communities, favoring lighter skin and marginalizing those with darker complexions. This research investigates how colorism influences women’s self-perception, mental health, and professional opportunities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study draws from current literature and primary survey data from 300 women across urban and rural regions. Results reveal that darker-skinned women consistently report lower self-esteem, higher incidences of workplace discrimination, and limited career mobility. The findings call for targeted interventions in media, education, and corporate policy to dismantle colorist ideologies and promote inclusive representation.
An Analysis of the Critiques of Sufi Doctrines of Sainthood (Walāyah), Miracles (Karāmāt), and the Concept of the Spiritual Master (Shaykh)
The doctrines of walāyah (sainthood), karāmāt (miracles of the saints), and the concept of the shaykh (spiritual master) occupy a central position in Sufi thought and practice. These concepts articulate the spiritual authority of saints, their reception of extraordinary divine gifts, and the pivotal role of the shaykh in mentoring and guiding disciples along the mystical path (ṭarīqah). Historically, such notions have played a vital role in enriching Islamic spirituality, providing adherents with models of piety, discipline, and devotion that transcend the limits of purely legalistic religiosity. They also offered a framework for spiritual pedagogy, communal cohesion, and experiential proximity to the Divine. However, these doctrines have not remained uncontested. Opponents of Sufism particularly within more legalistic and orthodox circles have raised critical concerns regarding the elevation of saints to quasi-sacred status, arguing that excessive veneration risks obscuring tawḥīd (Divine Unity) and creating practices without firm grounding in the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The theological critique often centers on the boundaries between legitimate reverence and potential exaggeration (ghulūw), especially when miracles or intercessionary roles are attributed to the saints. This study undertakes a critical examination of these debates by situating the doctrines of walāyah, karāmāt, and the shaykh within their historical and intellectual contexts. Drawing upon classical Sufi writings as well as critiques from orthodox scholars, it explores the intellectual tensions between mystical spirituality and theological orthodoxy. The findings underscore the dual role of these doctrines as both enriching Islamic spirituality and provoking enduring debates about the limits of human sanctity and religious innovation.
A Labovian Analysis of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014)
This research extends Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model beyond its traditional application to oral and literary narratives by examining its relevance to biographical texts. The research analyzes Ben Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014), a biography focused on Cold War double agent Kim Philby. Labov’s (1972) model identifies six key schemas in a fully developed narrative: abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution, and coda. However, these schemas have not previously been applied to biographies. This research investigates the application of Labov’s (1972) framework to biographical genre and offers new insights into biographical narrative structure. Using a qualitative approach, Labov’s (1972) Narrative Schemas Model is employed as the primary analytical framework. The findings of the research revealed that the narrative structure of Macintyre’s A Spy Among Friends (2014) conforms to the six schemas identified by Labov (1972). This indicates that the model is not only relevant but also valuable for the analysis of biographical text. The research suggests that the model’s application can be extended to other non-fiction genres, such as memoirs and autobiographies, thereby broadening its utility in narrative analysis. Furthermore, this research highlights the significance of the abstract and coda in non-fiction narratives and calls for additional comparative studies across different media, including film and television.